Foreword Preface to the series Preface to volume 4 1. Modern Protective Relaying-An Overview 1.1 Design Aspects and Reliability 1.2 Fundamental Power System Knowledge 1.3 Design Criteria of Protection Systems 1.4Equipment and System Protection 1.5 Unit Protection Systems 1.6 Smart Grids 1.
7 Load Profile Var-Volt Control 1.8 Some Modern Technologies Leading to Smart Grids 1.9 Cyber Security 1.10 NERC and CIP Requirements References 2. Protective Relays 2.1 Classification of Relay Types 2.2 Electromecahnical Relay 2.3 Overcurrent Relay 2.
4 Differential Relays 2.5 Pilot Wire Protection 2.6 Directional Overcurrent Relays 2.7 Voltage Relays 2.8 Reclosing Relay 2.9 Breaker Failure Relay 2.10 Machine Field Ground Relay 2.11 Frequency Relays 2.
12 Distance Relays 2.13 Other Relay Types References 3. Instrument Transformers 3.1 Accuracy Classification of CTs 3.2 Constructional Features of CTs 3.3 Secondary Terminals Voltage Rating 3.4 CT Ratio and Phase Angle Errors 3.5 Interrelation of CT Ratio and C Class Accuracy 3.
6 Polarity of Instrument Transformers 3.7 Application Considerations 3.8 Series and Parallel Connections of CTs 3.9 Transient Performance of CTs 3.10 Practicality of CT Applications 3.11 CTs for Low Resistance Grounded Medium Voltage Systems 3.12 Future Directions in CT Applications 3.13 Voltage Transformers 3.
14 Capacitor Coupled Voltage Transformers 3.15 Line (Wave) Traps 3.16 Transducers References 4. Microprocessor Based Multifunction Relays 4.1 Functionality 4.2 Front Panel 4.3 Environmental Compatibility 4.4 Dimensions 4.
5 Specifications 4.6 Settings 4.7 Relay Bit Words 4.8 Time Delay Overcurrent Protection 4.9 Voltage Based Elements 4.10 Power Elements 4.11 Loss of Potential (LOP) 4.12 Frequency Settings 4.
13 Trip and Close Logic 4.14 Demand Metering 4.15 Logical Settings 4.16 Latch Bits-Nonvolatile State 4.17 Port Settings 4.18 Breaker Monitor 4.19 Front Panel Operations 4.20 Analyzing Events 4.
21 Setting the Relay References 5. Current Interruption Devices and Battery Systems 5.1 High Voltage Circuit Breakers 5.2 Battery Systems 5.3 Sizing the Batteries 5.4 Capacitive Trip Devices 5.5 Lockout Relays 5.6 Remote Trips 5.
7 CT and PT Test Switches 5.8 Fuses 5.9 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers 5.10 Selective Zone Interlocking 5.11 Electronic Power Fuses 5.12 Low and Medium Voltage Contactors References 6. Overcurrent Protection-Ideal and Practical 6.1 Fundamental Considerations 6.
2 Data for Coordination Study 6.3 Computer Based Coordination 6.4 Initial Analysis 6.5 Coordinating Time Interval 6.6 Fundamental Considerations for Coordination 6.7 Some Examples of Coordination 6.8 Coordination on an Instantaneous Basis 6.9 NEC Requirements of Selectivity 6.
10 The Art of Compromise 6.11 Zone Selective Interlocking 6.12 Protection and Coordination of UPS Systems References 7. System Grounding 7.1Study of Grounding Systems 7.2 Solidly Grounded Systems 7.3 Low Resistance Grounded Systems 7.4 High Resistance Grounded Systems 7.
5 Ungrounded Systems 7.6 Reactance Grounding 7.7 Resonant Grounding 7.8 Corner of Delta Grounded Systems 7.9 Artificially Derived Neutrals 7.10 Multiple Grounded Systems 7.11 NEC and NESC Requirements 7.12 Hybrid Grounded Systems for Industrial Bus Connected Generators 7.
13 Grounding of Adjustable Speed Drive Systems (ASDs) 7.14 Grounding in Mining Installations References 8. Ground Fault Protection 8.1Protection and Coordination in Solidly Grounded Systems 8.2 Ground Fault Coordination in Low Resistance Grounded Medium Voltage Systems 8.3 Remote Tripping 8.4 Ground Fault Protection in Ungrounded Systems 8.5 Ground Fault Protection in High Resistance Grounded Systems 8.
6 Ground Fault Protection in Resonant Grounded Systems 8.7 Studies of Protection and Coordination in Practical Systems 8.8 Selective High Resistance Grounded Systems 8.9 Monitoring of Grounding Resistor References 9. Bus Bar Protection and Auto-transfer of Loads 9.1 Bus Faults 9.2 Bus Differential Relays 9.3 High Impedance Differential Relays 9.
4 Low Impedance Current Differential Relays 9.5 Directional Comparison Bus protection 9.6 Bus Protection using Linear Couplers 9.7 Differential Protection of Common Bus Configurations 9.8 Reclosing 9.9 Bus Transfer Schemes 9.10 Momentary Paralleling References 10. Motor Protection 10.
1Motor Characteristics 10.2 Motor Protection 10.3 Motor Protection and Coordination Study 10.4 Coordination with Motor Thermal Damage Curve 10.5 RTD Biasing 10.6 Medium Voltage Motor Starters 10.7 Two-Wire and Three-Wire Controls 10.8 Undervoltage Protection of Motors 10.
9 NEC and OSHA Requirements 10.10 Motor Insulation Classes and Temperature Limits 10.11 Bearing Protection 10.12 Vibrations 10.13 Motor Enclosures 10.14 Effects of Negative Sequence Currents 10.15 Differential Protection 10.16 Ground Fault Protection 10.
17 Variable Speed Motor Protection 10.18 Synchronous Motor Starting and Synchronization 10.19 Stability Concepts of Synchronous Motors 10.20 Rotor Ground Fault Protection, Slip Ring type synchronous Motors References 11. Generator Protection 11.1Ratings of Synchronous Generators 11.2 Protection of Industrial Generators 11.3 Functionality of a Modern MMPR for Generator Protection 11.
4 Voltage Controlled and Voltage Restraint Protection (5V) 11.5 Negative Sequence Protection, Function 46 11.6 Loss of Excitation Protection, Function 40 11.7 Generator Thermal Overload 11.8 Differential Protection 11.9 Generator Stator Ground Fault Protection 11.10 Rotor Ground Fault Protection 11.11 Volts per Hertz Protection 11.
12 Over and Under Frequency Protection 11.13 Out of Step Protection 11.14 Inadvertent Energization of Generator 11.15 Generator Breaker Failure Protection 11.16 Anti-Motoring Protection 11.17 Loss of Potential 11.18 Undervoltage and Overvoltage Protection 11.19 Synchronization 11.
20 Tripping Schemes References 12. Transformer Reactor and Shunt Capacitor Bank Protection 12.1 Transformer Faults 12.2 NEC Requirements 12.3 System Configurations of Transformer Connections 12.4 Through 12.5 Construction of Through Fault Curve Analytically 12.6 Protection with respect to Through Fault Curves 12.
7 Transformer Primary Fuse Protection 12.8 Overcurrent Relays for Transformer Primary Protection 12.9 Listing Requirements 12.10 Effect of Transformer Winding Connections 12.11 Requirements of Ground Fault Protection 12.12 Through Fault Protection 12.13 Overall Transformer Protection 12.14 Differential Protection 12.
15 Sensitive Ground Fault Differential Protection 12.16 Protection of Parallel Running Transformers 12.17 Volts/Hz Protection 12.18 Shunt Reactor Protection 12.19 Transformer Enclosures 12.20 Transformer Accessories 12.21 Shunt Capacitor Bank Protection References 13. Protection of Lines 13.
1 Distribution Lines 13.2 Transmission and Subtransmission Lines 13.3 Protective Relays 13.4 Distance Protection 13.5 Load Encroachment Logic 13.6 Ground Fault Protection 13.7 Protection of Tapped345 kV Transmission Line 13.8 Series Compensated Lines 13.
9 Mitigation of Subsynchronous Resonance in Transmission Lines References 14. Pilot Protection 14.1 Pilot Systems 14.2 Signal Frequencies 14.3 Metallic Pilot Wire Protection using Electromechanical Relays 14.4 Modern Line Current Differential Protection 14.5 Direct Under Reaching Transfer Trip 14.6 Permissive Under Reaching Transfer Trip 14.
7 Direct Overreaching Transfer Trip 14.8 Blocking and Unblocking Pilot Protection 14.9 Phase Comparison Schemes 14.10 Power Line Carrier 14.11 Modal Analysis References 15. Power System Stability 15.1 Classifications of Power System Stability 15.2 Equal Area Concept of Stability 15.
3 Factors Effecting Stability 15.4 Swing Equation of a Generator 15.5 Classical Stability Model 15.6 Modern Transient Stability Methods 15.7 Excitation Systems 15.8 Transient Stability in a Simple Cogeneration System 15.9 A System illustrating Application of PSS References 16. Substation Automation and Communication Protocols including IEC61850 16.
1 Substation Automation 16.2 System Functions 16.3 Control Functions 16.4 Wire Line Networks 16.5 System Architecture 16.6 IEC61850 Protocol 16.7 Modern IEDs 16.8 Substation Architect.