Preface 1 Children: Our Most Important Resource A Brief History of Child Welfare Abortion, Indanticide, and Abandonment Child Labor and Education Responsibility for Children Advocacy in the Provision of Services for Children The Current Picture of Child Welfare Services Impact of Current Child Welfare Practices on Children Services in the Twenty-First Century Providing Services for Children Today Summary Exploration Questions References 2 The Changing Family The Responsibilities and Rights of the Family The Setting for Today''s Family Profile of Today''s Family Family Roles and Rules Communication Patterns Observaton of the Family as a System Types of Families The Emotional Climate of Families The Impact of Culture on Families Families with Anglo-European Roots Families with Native American Roots Families with African American Roots Families with Hispanic Roots Families with Asian Roots Families with Middle Eastern RootsThe Family Life Cycle Stresses on Families Parental/Family Dysfunction Role Definition and Inequality Parent-Child Relations DisabilityWhen Families Need Help Trends Economic Stressors The Optional Status of Marriage The Vanishing Father Blended Famiies Resolution of Childhood Conflicts Changes in Family Control Summary Exploration Questions References 3 Children and Poverty (by Judy A. Noel and Dee L. Whyte) Characteristics of Poor Children Poverty Defined Why Children Live in Poverty Consequences of Growing Up in Poverty Life Stressor Factors Health and Health Care Factors Nutritional Factors Environmental Factors Educational Factors Recent Efforts to Fight Poverty Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) Child Tax Credit Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Minimum Wage Increase State Child Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) The Economics of Poverty Reducing Child Poverty Attitudinal Changes Complex Combination of Two-Generational StartegiesAn Important Footnote Summary Exploration Questions References 4 Current Societal Problems and Their Impact on Children: Violence, Additiction, and Homelessness Children and Violence War in the Streets Violence in Relationships The School as War Zone The Home as a War Zone Children and Substance Abuse Addicted Parents Addicted Children and Adolescents Effects and Treatment of Adolescent Drug AbuseHomeless Families Causes of Homelessness Homeless Families and Children Effects of Homelessness on Children Homeless and Runaway Youths Changing View of Runaway and Homeless Youths Problems and Solutions for Runaway/Homeless YouthsSummary Exploration Questions References 5 Early Education and Care: School-Based Services (by Denise A. O''Connell, Maureen C. Moorehouse, Elaine Francis, Mary Ann Hanley, and Matthew D. Porter) Early Education and Care Serving Infants and Preschool Children A Brief History of Daycare Provision Examining the Goals of Daycare Provision Types of DaycareSchool-Based Programs Philosophy of Education Student Support Programs: Addressing Academic, Social, and Emotional Needs A Team Approach: Parents and Professionals as Partners Controversial Issues and Dilemmas in the Provision of Services Trends in the Provision of Educational ServicesSummary Exploration Questions References 6 Counseling for Families and Children (by Lloyd T. Williams) What is Counseling? Basic AssumptionsWhen a Familie Might Seek Counseling Self-Referrals Referrals by Outside AgenciesAttitudes about Receiving Counseling Self-Referred Clients Clients Referred from Outside Agencies Attitudes about Having a Problem Ethnic and Cross-Cultural ConsiderationsChanging Attitudes about Counseling Medical Model versus Holistic Model The Impact of FeminismTypes of Counseling The Professions SettingsThe Counseling Process Assessment, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning ModalitiesThe Experience of Counseling Consumer Perspective Professional PerspectiveTrends in Counseling Services External Focuses Internal Focuses Evolving Frontiers in Theory and PracticeEthical Considerations in Counseling Confidentiality The Dilemma of Diagnosis Training Value System Differences Counselor/Client Boundaries Power Counseling as a Healing Art versus the Business of Mental Health Band-Aids versus Commitment to Social ChangeSummary Exploration Questions References 7 Protecting Children When Families Cannot: Child Abuse and Neglect Historical View Societal Role of Children Child Neglect throughout History Child Labor and Maltreatment Sexual Moves and Abuses Efforts to Control Child AbuseMaltreatment Defined Physical Abuse Phsycial Neglect Sexual Abuse Emotional or Physchological AbuseReporting Child Maltreatment Intake Assessment Case Management and TreatmentCourt Intervention in Protective Cases Juvenille or Civil Court Criminal Court The Effect of Court Involvement on ChildrenThe Role of the Protective Services Worker Future of Protective Services Narrowing of ServicesSummary Exploration Questions References 8 Family Perservation or Child Placement?: Serving the Child''s Best Interests Brief History of Family-Based Services Almshouses and Charities Scientific Philanthropy Settlement House Influence Mothers'' Pensions Public Child Welfare Services The Emerging Concept of Permenency PlanningDemonstrating Effectiveness of Family-Based Services Types of Family-Based Services Family Support Services Family Preservation Services Kinship Care, Family Presevation or Child Placement?Family Preservation Worker Perserve the Family or Place the Child? Shaping the Future of Family-Based Services Screening of At-Risk Clients Attention to Cultural Diversity Selection and Training of Workers Supervision and Consultation Operationalism of Program Design Goals Building Community Supports Evaluation and ResearchSummary Exploration Questions References 9 Court Services on Behald of Children (by Judy A. Noel) Historical Perspective The Child Savers Reform School Movement The Concept of Parens Patriae The Emergence of Juvenille CourtSituations Warranting Juvenille Court Intervention Delinquency Statues Offenses Dependency, Abuse, and Neglect Related Situations Involving Court InterventionsFactors Influencing Court Intervention The Rights of Juvenilles Advocating for ChildrenJuvenille Court Process and Procedures Intake Stage Adjudication Stage Disposition StageThe Role of the Social Worker and the Court Consumer Perspective Alternative Approaches to Court Intervention DiversionTreatment of Juvenille Offenders Trends Should There Be a Separate Juvenille Court? Should Status Offenders Come under the Jurisdiction of the Juvenille Court? What Should Be Done with Serious Offenders?Summary Exploration Questions References 10 Teenage Pregnancy and Parenting (by Lynne Kellner) Definition of Terms Historical Perspective Through the Eyes of Society: Myths Revisited Welfare Mothers Medical Concerns Development of the ChildrenDemographics Teens at Risk Family Function Socioeconomic Status Previous Sexual Abuse and Date Rape Educational and Behavioral DifficultiesHow Teens Make Decisions about Fertility and Childbearing Fathers A Teen''s View Services: Primary Prevention Programs Focusing on Sexual Antecedents Programs Focusing on Nonsexual Antecendents Programs Focusing on Sexual and Nonsexual Antecedents Culturally Sensitive InterventionsServices: Secondary Prevention Teen Parents and Their Families Keeping Fathers Involved Child Care Parenting Programs Residential ProgramsTrends in Teen Pregnancy Prevention Legislative Initiatives Focus on Research Philosophical Research The MediaSummary Exploration Questions References 11 Children in Family Foster Care History of Family Foster Care Early Beginnings Foster Care in Recent YearsThe Nature of Foster Care Today Types of Foster Homes Reasons Children Come into Foster CareFoster Parents Recruitment Homestudy and Training Placement and Follow-Up Stresses of Being a Foster Parent Foster Parents as Part of the TeamBirth Parents with Children in Foster Care Attitudes and Reactions Rights and Responsibilites of Birth Parents When Children Return HomeChildren in Foster Care Feelings about Placement and Separation Feelings about Natural Parents Feelings about Foster Parents Life in Foster Care Leaving Foster CareThe Role of the Foster Care Social Worker The Future of Foster Care Political Influe.