Preface to Second Edition xi 1 Orthodontic Mini-implant Principles and Potential Complications 1 1.1 The Origins of Orthodontic Bone Anchorage 1 1.2 The Evolution of Mini-implant Biomechanics 1 1.3 3D Anchorage Indications 1 1.4 Using the Right Terminology 2 1.5 Principal Design Features 2 1.6 Clinical Indications for Mini-implants 2 1.6.
1 Routine Cases 2 1.6.2 Complex Cases 3 1.6.3 Direct and Indirect Anchorage 3 1.7 Benefits and Potential Mini-implant Complications 3 1.8 Mini-implant Success and Failure 4 1.9 Medical Contraindications 5 1.
10 Root/Periodontal Damage 5 1.11 Perforation of Nasal and Maxillary Sinus Floors 6 1.12 Damage to Neurovascular Tissues 6 1.13 Mini-implant Fracture 7 1.14 Pain 7 1.15 Soft Tissue Problems 8 1.16 Mini-implant Migration 8 1.17 Biomechanical Side-effects 10 1.
18 Factors Affecting Mini-implant Success 11 References 11 2 Maximising Mini-implant Success: Patient (Anatomical) Factors 15 2.1 Cortical Bone Thickness and Density 15 2.2 Interproximal Space 16 2.3 Soft Tissue and Oral Hygiene 17 2.4 Maxillomandibular Planes Angle 17 2.5 Age 18 2.6 Cigarette Smoking 18 2.7 Body Mass Index 18 References 19 3 Maximising Mini-implant Success: Design Factors 21 3.
1 Mini-implant Design Factors 21 3.2 The Infinitas(tm) Mini-implant System 22 3.2.1 Infinitas Mini-implant Design Features 22 3.2.2 Infinitas Guidance System 24 3.3 Digital Stent Fabrication Processes 27 References 29 4 Maximising Mini-implant Success: Clinical Factors 31 4.1 Clinical Technique Factors 31 4.
1.1 Insertion Technique 31 4.1.2 Root Proximity 31 4.1.3 Force Application 33 4.2 Introducing Mini-implants to your Clinical Practice 33 4.3 Patient Consent 33 4.
4 Key Points to Consider for Valid Consent 35 4.4.1 Rationale for Mini-implant Anchorage 35 4.4.2 Patient Discomfort 35 4.4.3 Mini-implant Instability 35 4.4.
4 Periodontal/Root Contact 35 4.4.5 Mini-implant Fracture 35 4.4.6 Mini-implant Displacement 35 4.4.7 Written Information 35 4.5 Staff Training 35 4.
6 Patient Selection 35 References 37 5 Mini-implant Planning 41 5.1 Mini-implant Planning 41 5.1.1 Treatment Goals and Anchorage Requirements 41 5.2 Mini-implant Location 41 5.3 Hard Tissue Anatomy and Radiographic Imaging 41 5.4 Soft Tissue Anatomy 45 5.5 Vertical Location and Inclination 46 5.
6 Insertion Timing 46 5.7 Guidance Stent 49 5.8 Mini-Implant Dimensions 49 References 51 6 Mini-implant Insertion 53 6.1 Mini-implant Kit Sterilisation 53 6.2 Superficial Anaesthesia 53 6.3 Antibacterial Mouthwash 54 6.4 Stent Application (Optional) 54 6.5 Soft Tissue Removal 54 6.
6 Cortical Perforation 55 6.7 Mini-implant Insertion 55 6.8 Mini-implant Fracture 58 6.9 Postoperative Instructions 58 6.10 Force Application 59 6.11 Biomechanics 59 6.12 Explantation 59 6.13 Summary of Mini-implant Insertion Steps 60 6.
14 Maximising Mini-implant Success: Ten Clinical Tips 60 References 60 7 Retraction of Anterior Teeth 63 7.1 Clinical Objective 66 7.2 Treatment Options 66 7.3 Key Treatment Planning Considerations 66 7.4 Biomechanical Principles 67 7.5 Midtreatment Problems and Solutions 67 7.6 Clinical Steps for a Posterior Mini-implant 67 7.6.
1 Preinsertion 67 7.6.2 Mini-implant Selection 68 7.6.3 Insertion 68 7.6.4 Postinsertion 69 7.7 Biomechanical Options for Anterior Teeth Retraction 69 7.
8 Case Examples 70 References 99 8 Molar Distalisation 101 8.1 Alternatives to Mini-Implant Distalisation 101 8.1.1 Class II Growth Modification Treatment, Involving Mini-implant Anchorage (Figure 8.1) 102 8.1.2 Mandibular Distalisation Using Miniplate Anchorage (Figure 8.3) 105 8.
2 Clinical Objectives of Molar Distalisation 105 8.3 Treatment Options 105 8.4 Key Treatment Planning Considerations 110 8.5 Biomechanical Principles 110 8.6 Midtreatment Problems and Solutions 110 8.7 Mandibular Arch Distalisation 110 8.7.1 Clinical Steps for Mandibular Distalisation 110 8.
7.2 Case Examples 113 8.8 Maxillary Arch Distalisation 116 8.8.1 Clinical Steps for Palatal Alveolar Distalisation 116 8.8.2 Case Examples 117 8.9 Midpalatal Distaliser Options 121 8.
9.1 Pushcoil Distaliser 127 8.9.2 Traction Distaliser 127 8.9.3 Clinical Steps for a Midpalatal Distaliser 127 8.9.4 Case Examples 129 References 135 9 Molar Protraction 137 9.
1 Clinical Objective 141 9.2 Treatment Options 141 9.3 Key Treatment Planning Considerations 141 9.4 Biomechanical Principles 141 9.5 Midtreatment Problems and Solutions 142 9.6 Clinical Steps for Molar Protraction Using Alveolar Site Anchorage 142 9.6.1 Preinsertion 142 9.
6.2 Mini-implant Selection 144 9.6.3 Insertion 145 9.6.4 Postinsertion 145 9.7 Case Examples 145 9.8 Clinical Steps for Midpalate (Indirect) Anchorage (Figure 9.
3) 161 9.8.1 Preinsertion 161 9.8.2 Mini-implant Selection 161 9.8.3 Insertion 161 9.8.
4 Postinsertion 161 9.9 Direct Palatal Anchorage Example (Figure 9.15) 162 References 166 10 Intrusion and Anterior Openbite Treatments 167 10.1 Single-Tooth and Anterior Segment Intrusion Treatments 169 10.1.1 Clinical Objectives 169 10.1.2 Treatment Options 169 10.
1.3 Relevant Clinical Details 169 10.1.4 Biomechanical Principles 169 10.1.5 Clinical Tips and Technicalities 169 10.1.6 Clinical Steps 170 10.
1.7 Case Examples 170 10.2 Anterior Openbite Treatment 172 10.2.1 Clinical Objectives 174 10.2.2 Treatment Options 174 10.2.
3 Relevant Clinical Details 174 10.2.4 Biomechanical Principles 174 10.2.5 Clinical Tips and Technicalities 176 10.2.6 Simultaneous Mandibular Molar Intrusion 182 10.2.
7 Clinical Steps for Maxillary Molar Intrusion 182 10.2.8 Case Examples 185 References 206 11 Transverse and Asymmetry Corrections 209 11.1 Asymmetry Problems 209 11.2 Dental Centreline Correction 209 11.2.1 Clinical Objective 209 11.2.
2 Treatment Options 209 11.2.3 Relevant Clinical Details 210 11.2.4 Biomechanical Principles 210 11.2.5 Clinical Tips and Technicalities 210 11.2.
6 Midtreatment Problems and Solutions 210 11.2.7 Clinical Steps for Centreline Correction 210 11.2.8 Case Examples 211 11.3 Unilateral Intrusion (Vertical Asymmetry Correction) 227 11.3.1 Clinical Objective 227 11.
3.2 Treatment Options 227 11.3.3 Relevant Clinical Details 227 11.3.4 Biomechanical Principles 228 11.3.5 Clinical Tips and Technicalities 228 11.
3.6 Midtreatment Problems and Solutions 228 11.3.7 Clinical Steps for Unilateral Intrusion 232 11.3.8 Case Example (Figure 11.7) 234 12 Ectopic Teeth Anchorage 239 12.1 Clinical Objectives 239 12.
2 Treatment Options 239 12.3 Relevant Clinical Details 239 12.4 Biomechanical Principles 240 12.5 Clinical Tips and Technicalities 241 12.6 Midtreatment Problems and Solutions 241 12.7 Clinical Steps for Ectopic Tooth Alignment 241 12.7.1 Preinsertion 241 12.
7.2 Mini-implant Selection 241 12.7.3 Insertion 242 12.7.4 Postinsertion 242 12.7.5 Case Examples 242 13 Bone-anchored Maxillary Expansion 259 13.
1 Conventional Rapid Maxillary Expansion 259 13.2 Expansion Forces and Speed 260 13.3 Potential Advantages of Mini-implant Anchored RME 263 13.3.1 Greater Basal Skeletal Expansion 263 13.3.2 Basal Expansion in Older Aged Patients (Postpuberty) 263 13.3.
3 Greater Posterior Palatal Expansion 263 13.3.4 Increased Nasal Airflow 263 13.3.5 Fewer Dental and Periodontal Side-effects 263 13.4 Clinical Objective 264 13.5 Treatment Options 264 13.6 Relevant Clinical Details 264 13.
7 Design Options for Mini-implant Expanders 264 13.8 Hybrid RME 264 13.8.1 Mini-implant Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE) 264 13.8.2 Hybrid Hyrax RME Appliance 266 13.8.3 Biomechanical Principles for Hybrid RME Appliances 271 13.
8.4 Clinical Steps for Hybrid RME 271 13.9 Non-tooth Borne Mini-Implant Only RME 271 13.9.1 Case Examples 271 13.10 Biomechanical Principles 278 13.10.1 Clinical Steps for OMI-borne RME 278 13.
11 Haas-type (Mucosa) and Mini-implant RME 278 13.11.1 Clinical Steps for Mucosa-OMI Borne RME 279 13.11.2 Case Example 279 13.12 Summary of RME Design Selection 279 References 283 14 Orthognathic Surgical Uses 285 14.1 Clinical Objectives 285 14.2 Treatment Options 302 14.
3 Relevant Clinical Details 302 14.4 Biomechanical Principles 322 14.5 Clinical Tips and Technicalities 323 14.6 Clinical Steps 324 14.6.1 Preinsertion 324 14.6.2 Mini-implant Selection 324 14.
6.3 Insertion 324 14.6.4 Postinsertion 325 1.