Scholars and citizens alike have endlessly debated the proper limits of presidential action within our democracy. Yet few have truly understood the nature of the president's special powers and their impact on American life. In this volume, Phillip Cooper offers a cogent guide to these powers and shows how presidents from George Washington to George W. Bush have used and abused them in trying to realize their visions for the nation.As Cooper reveals, there has been virtually no significant policy area or level of government left untouched by the application of these presidential "power tools." Whether seeking to regulate the economy, committing troops to battle without a congressional declaration of war, or blocking commercial access to federal lands, presidents have wielded these powers to achieve their goals, often in ways that seem to fly in the face of true representative government. Cooper defines the different forms these powers take -- executive orders, presidential memoranda, proclamations, national security directives, and signing statements -- demonstrates their uses, critiques their strengths and dangers, and shows how they have changed over time.Here are Washington's "Neutrality Proclamation, " Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, and the more than 1,700 executive orders issued by Woodrow Wilson in World War I.

FDR issued many executive orders to implement his National Industrial Recovery Act -- but also issued one that led to the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. Truman issued orders to desegregate the military and compel loyalty oaths for federal employees. Eisenhower issued numerous national security directives. JFK launched the Peace Corps andissued an order to control racial violence in Alabama. All through executive action.As Cooper demonstrates in his balanced treatment of these and subsequent presidencies, each successive administration seems to find new.