Preface xi 3500 bce 1 Ritual Centers 6 Beginnings of China''s Civilizations 8 Niuheliang Ritual Center 8 Mehrgarh and Early Indus Settlements 11 The Village Networks of Mesopotamia and the Balkans 12 Catal Hüyük 12 Tell es-Sawwan 14 Eridu and Uruk 15 Pre- and Early Dynastic Egypt 19 European Developments 21 Newgrange 22 Carnac 24 2500 bce 25 The Indus Ghaggar-Hakra Civilization 30 Mohenjo-Daro 31 Margiana 33 Early Empires of Mesopotamia 34 Ziggurat at Ur 36 Egypt: The Old Kingdom 38 Pyramids at Giza 41 Valley Temple of Khafre 44 Architecture and Food 45 Stonehenge 46 Megalithic Temples of Malta 48 The First Civilizations of South America 50 Caral 51 1500 bce 53 The Minoans and Knossos 60 Egypt: The New Kingdom 64 Waset (Thebes) 64 Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut 70 Temple of Luxor 71 Abu Simbel 72 Egyptian Columns 73 Egyptian Design Methods 74 Hittite Empire 75 Hattusas 76 Mycenaean Civilization 77 Treasury of Atreus 79 Poverty Point 80 Shang Dynasty, China 81 Civilization of the High Andes 84 800 bce 87 The Olmecs 90 San Lorenzo and La Venta 92 Chavín de Huántar 94 The Iron Age 96 The Etruscans 97 Etruscan Religion 98 Etruscan Temples 100 Greece: The Geometric Period 101 Emergence of the Greek Temple Form 103 Temple of Poseidon 104 Kingdom of Kush 105 Saba/Sa''abia 106 Temple of Solomon 107 Zhou Dynasty, China 108 The Ritual Complex 109 The Aryan Invasion and Varanasi 111 Neo-Assyrian Empire 113 Babylon 115 400 bce 117 The Achaemenid Empire 120 Pasargadae and Persepolis 121 Greece and the Mediterranean 124 The Greek Temple 124 Athens 129 The Parthenon 131 Erechtheum 134 Ionic Order 136 Telesterion at Eleusis 138 Delphi 139 Temple of Apollo at Delphi 140 The Hellenistic Age 141 Delos 142 Priene 142 Pergamon 144 Sanctuary of Athena at Lindos 145 Temple of Apollo at Didyma 146 Ptolemies 147 Temple of Horus 147 Mauryan Dynasty and Early Buddhism 148 Barabar Hills Caves 149 China: The Warring States Period 150 Xianyang Palace 151 Tomb of Zeng Hou Yi 152 The Founding of Rome 158 Temple of Fortuna at Praeneste 160 The Roman Urban Villa 162 Republican Tombs 163 Bibracte 164 Augustan Rome 166 Forum of Augustus 167 Tholoi Tombs 168 Vitruvius 169 Corinthian Capitals 169 Post-Augustan Rome 170 Palace of Domitian 172 The Colosseum 174 The Imperial Forums 175 Rock-Cut Tombs 177 Petra 178 Northern Palace at Masada 180 Taxila: The Gandharan Cosmopolis 181 Qin Dynasty, China 182 Tomb of the First Emperor 183 Great Wall of China 184 Development of Mahayana Buddhism 185 Sanchi Complex 185 Abhayagiri Vihara 188 Junnar Caves 189 The Maya 191 Shaft Tombs of Teuchitlán 191 Nakbe 194 El Mirador 195 200 ce 197 Roman Empire 202 Ephesus 204 Miletus 205 The Roman Theater 206 The Pantheon 207 Hadrian''s Villa 210 Roman Vertical Surface 212 Roman Baths 214 Diocletian''s Palace 216 Baalbek 218 The Parthian Empire 220 Aksum 220 Amaravati Stupa 222 Caitya Hall at Karli 223 Anuradhapura 224 Han Dynasty China 225 Mingtang-Biyong Ritual Complex 226 Teotihuacán 228 Temple of the Feathered Serpent 230 Moche and Nazca Civilizations 231 Nazca Lines 233 North Amazon Societies 234 Ohio''s Hopewell Mounds 235 400 ce 237 Ajanta Caves 244 Establishment of Chinese and Central Asian Buddhism 247 Mogao Caves 248 Yungang Caves 249 Kushans of Bamiyan 250 The Sassanian Empire 251 Zoroastrian Fire Temples 252 Hindu Renaissance 254 Mahabodhi Temple 256 Sigiriya 257 The Pyu, Mon, and Funan 258 Emergence of Christianity 259 Martyria 261 St. Peter''s in Rome 261 First Baptisteries 263 Post-Constantinian Age 264 Tomb of Theodoric the Great 265 Kofun Period: Japan 266 Zapotecs of Oaxaca 268 Monte Albán 269 600 ce 271 Age of Justinian 278 Hagia Sophia 280 Byzantine Capitals 283 Armenian Architecture 284 St. Hripsime 285 Zvartnots Cathedral 286 Vishnu Deogarh and Elephanta 286 The Five Rathas 289 Shore Temple at Mamallapuram 290 Southeast Asia 291 My Son 292 Sui and T''ang Dynasties 293 Daxing (Chang''an) 293 Daming Palace 294 Songyue Temple Ta 296 Nara Period: Japan 297 Ise Jingu 297 Horyu-ji 301 800 ce 303 Rise of Islam 312 Umayyad Mosque 313 Baghdad 314 Great Mosque of Samarra 314 Great Mosque of Córdoba 316 Dome of the Rock 318 Mahaviharas at Nalanda 319 Rajasimhesvara and Virupaksha Temples 320 Kailasnath at Ellora 322 Samye, Tibet 324 Indonesia at a Crossroads 325 Borobudur 326 Hindu Kingdoms of Cambodia 328 Hariharalaya 329 Mahendraparvata (Mt. Meru) 329 Siem Reap (Ganges River) 329 Indratataka (Sea of Indra) 329 Bakong 330 Korean Buddhism 331 Foguang Monastery 332 Europe and the Carolingians 334 Plan of St. Gall 334 St. Riquier 336 Palatine Chapel 336 Tikal 338 Mayan City-States 341 Copán 342 Tiwanaku 344 Quirigua 346 Guayabo 346 1000 ce 347 Mayan Uxmal 356 Cahokia 358 Serpent Mound 359 Pueblo Bonito 360 Seljuk Turks 362 Sultan Han 363 Great Mosque of Isfahan 364 First Madrasas 366 Muqarnas 367 The Fatimids 368 Rise of the Rajput Kingdoms 370 Rani-ni-Vav at Patan 370 Sun Temple at Modhera 372 Chandellas 374 Khandariya Mahadeva Temple 375 Tantrism 376 Vastu-Shastras 377 Orissa and Lingaraja Temple 378 Jains 380 Jain Temples at Mt. Abu 381 Cholamandalam 382 Dakshinameru (Rajarajeshwara Temple) 382 Polonnaruwa 384 Song Dynasty China 386 Sage Mother Hall 387 The Iron Pagoda 388 Liao Dynasty 388 Mu-ta 388 Dulesi Monastery 389 Pure Land Buddhism 391 Byzantine Revival 392 Kievan Russia 393 Armenia 394 Sanahin Complex 395 Ottonian Germany 396 Speyer Cathedral 398 The Normans 399 Durham Cathedral 399 Canterbury Cathedral 401 Cefalù Cathedral 402 Pilgrimage Churches 403 Tuscany 404 Cathedral of Pisa 405 Baptistery of Parma 406 1200 ce 407 Vrah Vishnulok (Angkor Wat) 416 Angkor Thom and Preah Khan 418 Kingdom of Pagan 420 Sanju-sangen-do 422 Itsukushima Shrine 423 Southern Song Dynasty 424 Yingzhao Fashi 425 Mongol Empire 426 Yuan Dynasty China 426 Delhi 428 Tughlaqabad 429 Quwwat-ul-Islam 429 Africa 431 Mamluk Sultanate 432 Lalibela 434 Great Zimbabwe 436 Mosques of Mali 437 Fontenay Abbey 438 Medieval Scandinavia 440 Europe: The High Middle Ages 441 Cathedral Design 442 Amiens and Bourges Cathedrals 443 Notre-Dame of Reims 444 Exeter Cathedral 445 Italian Town Halls 446 Siena 446 Mendicant Orders 448 Nasrid Sultanate and the Alhambra 449 Toltec Empire 452 Chichén Itzá 452 1400 ce 455 The Americas 460 Hopis 460 New England Societies 462 Tenochtitlán 463 Incas 465 Machu Picchu 467 Republic of Venice 469 Ottoman Empire 470 Beyazit Medical Complex 471 Topkapi Palace 472 Italian Renaissance 474 Cathedral of Florence 475 Florentine Loggias 476 San Lorenzo 476 Medici Palace 478 Rucellai Palace 479 Sant''Andrea at Mantua 480 Villa Medici 481 Tempietto of San Pietro 482 French Ch'teaux 482 Mamluk Sultanate 484 Mausoleum Complex of Sultan Qaitbay 485 Timurid Dynasty 486 Deccan Sultanates 488 Pandua 488 Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad 489 Friday Mosque of Gulbarga 490 Ming Dynasty China 491 Forbidden City 491 Mt. Wudang 494 Temple of Heaven 494 Dabao-en Temple, or the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing 495 Joseon Dynasty 496 Muromachi Japan 497 Kinkakuji 498 Ginkakuji 499 Ayutthaya 500 1600 ce 501 Architecture of the Eurasian Power Bloc 501 Tokugawa Shogunate 504 Nikko Toshogu 505 Nijo-jo 506 Katsura Rikyu (Katsura Imperial Villa) 508 Ming Tombs 512 Potala Palace 516 Voyages of Zheng He 519 Mughals 520 Humayun''s Tomb 520 Fatehpur Sikri 521 Buland Darwaza 522 Diwan-i-Khas 523 Rauza-I-Munavvara (Taj Mahal) 524 Vijaynagara 527 Bijapur 529 Isfahan 530 Suleymaniye Complex 533 Kremlin''s New Churches 535 Church o.