1. Overview 1.1. Xenobiotics that humans are exposed to 1.1.1. Foods and drug; 1.1.

2. Smoke and other chemicals 1.2. Metabolisms of foreign compounds before excretion 1.2.1 Activation enzymes: functionalization; 1.2.2.

Detoxification enzymes: Conjugation; 1.2.3. Mechanism of enzyme actions 1.3. Potential toxicity of metabolic reactive intermediates Components; 1.3.3.

Cellular functional damages 1.4. Genetic and environment factors affecting xenobiotic metabolism 1.4.1. Genetic polymorphisms; 1.4.2.

Environment and lifestyle 1.5. Defenses against oxidative stress mediated by foreign compounds 1.5.1. Modulation of metabolic enzymes for health benefits; 1.5.2.

Inducers of metabolic enzymes 2. Foreign Compounds: Foods, Drugs and Other Chemicals 2.1. Foods 2.1.1. Heterocyclic amines; 2.1.

2. Nitrosamines; 2.1.3. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; 2.1.4. Azo dyes; 2.

1.5. α,β-unsaturated aldehydes; 2.1.6. Mycotoxin 2.2. Drugs 2.

2.1. Acetaminophen; 2.2.2. Xanthine; 2.2.3.

Terfenadine; 2.2.4. Menadione; 2.2.5. Diazepam 2.3.

Household products 2.3.1. Benzene; 2.3.2. Phenol 2.4.

Smoke 2.4.1. Nitrosamines; 2.4.2. Nicotine and benzo(a)pyrene 2.5.

Environmental chemicals 2.5.1. Diesel exhausts; 2.5.2. Arsenic; 2.5.

3. Polychlorinated biphenyls; 2.5.4. Dioxins 3. Absorption, Metabolism and Excretion of Foreign Compounds 3.1. Lipophiles versus hydrophiles 3.

2. Sites of Action 3.3. Cell Membranes 3.4. Transport Mechanisms 3.4.1.

Passive diffusion; 3.4.2. Facilitated diffusion; 3.4.3. Active transport 3.5.

Metabolic Pathways 3.5.1. Activation metabolism; 3.5.2. Detoxification metabolism 3.6.

Transport to external cell compartment 3.7. Metabolism precedes before excretion 3.8. Excretion 3.8.1. Renal excretion; 3.

8.2. Reabsorption in the kidney; 3.8.3. Hepatic excretion; 3.8.4.

Skin excretion 4. Metabolism of Foreign Compounds 4.1. Activation metabolism 4.1.1. Functionalization reactions; 4.1.

2. Metabolic reactive intermediates 4.2. Detoxification metabolism 4.2.1. Conjugation reactions; 4.2.

2. Non-conjugation reactions 4.3. Defenses against metabolites generated from bioactivation 4.3.1. Antioxidants; 4.3.

2. Detoxifying enzymes 5. Bioactivation Metabolism: Activation Enzymes 5.1. Major activation enzymes 5.2. Oxidative enzymes 5.2.

1. Cytochrome P450; 5.2.2. Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase; 5.2.3. Amine Oxidase; 5.

2.4. Lipoxygenase; 5.2.5. Alcohol Dehydrogenase 5.2.6.

Aldehyde Oxidase; 5.2.7. Xanthine Oxidase; 5.2.8. Peroxidase 5.2.

9. Prostaglandin H synthase 5.3. Oxidation at specific atom or group 5.3.1. Oxidation at carbon atom; 5.3.

2. Oxidation at nitrogen atom 5.3.3. Oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbon 5.4. Reductive enzymes 5.4.

1. Nitroreductase; 5.4.2. Azoreductase; 5.4.3. Aldo-keto reductase 5.

5. Reduction at specific atom or group 5.5.1 Reduction at nitrogen; 5.5.2 Reduction of carbonyl group 5.6. Hydrolytic Enzymes 5.

6.1. Carboxylesterase; 5.6.2 Epoxide Hydrolase 5.7. Hydrolysis at specific atom or group 5.7.

1 Hydrolysis of ester; 5.7.2 Hydrolysis of amide 6. Functionalization Reactions Catalyzed by Activation Enzymes 6.1. Activation metabolism 6.1.1.

Cytochrome P450; 6.1.2. Flavin monooxygenases; 6.1.3. Amine oxidases; 6.1.

4. Nitroreductases; 6.1.5. Azoreductases; 6.1.6. Molybdenum hydroxylases; 6.

1.7. Alcohol dehydrogenase; 6.1.8. Peroxidases; 6.1.9.

Carboxylesterase 6.2. Oxidation reactions 6.2.1. Oxidation at carbon atom; 6.2.2.

Oxidation at nitrogen atom; 6.2.3. Oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbon 6.3. Reduction reactions 6.3.1.

Reduction at nitrogen atom; 6.3.2. Reduction of carbonyl group 6.4. Hydrolysis reactions 6.4.1.

Carboxylesterase; 6.4.2. Ep.