List of Figures xiv Foreword xv Series Preface xix Acknowledgments xxii Endorsements xxiii About the Author xxvi 1 Introduction: Distinguishing Nonhomicidal from Homicidal Sexual Offending 1 Introduction 1 The Structure of the Book 2 Understanding Sexual Offending: Prevalence and Nature 5 Nonhomicidal and Homicidal Sexual Offending: Similarities and Differences 8 Offenders'' Age and Racial Background 9 Offenders'' Intelligence, Educational Background, and Criminal History 9 Offenders'' Childhood and Adolescent Development 19 Offenders'' Behavioral Problems and Psychiatric Diagnoses 20 Offenders'' Relationship Status at the Time of the Offense 21 Offenders'' Sexual Deviation 22 Offenders'' Pre-Crime Characteristics 23 Offenders'' Crime Scene Characteristics 24 Victims'' Characteristics 25 Conclusion26 References 27 Part 1 Theories of Sexual Offending 35 2 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level I (Multi-Factorial) Theories 37 Introduction 37 The Precondition Model (Finkelhor, 1984) 37 The Integrated Theory (Marshall & Barbaree, 1990) 39 The Quadripartite Model (Hall & Hirschman, 1992) 41 The Confluence Model (Malamuth, 1996) 44 The Sexual Promiscuity (SP; or Impersonal Sex) Pathway 46 The Hostile Masculinity (HM) Pathway 46 The Evolutionary Theory of Rape (Thornhill & Palmer, 2000) 47 A Theory of Mind Perspective (Ward et al., 2000) 49 The Pathway Model (Ward & Siegert, 2002) 50 The Motivation-Facilitation Model of Sexual Offending (Seto, 2019) 52 Motivation 53 Paraphilias 53 High Sex Drive 54 Intense Mating Effort 54 Facilitation 55 Self-Regulation Problems 55 Hostile Masculinity 55 State Facilitation Factors 56 Situational Factors 56 References 57 3 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level II (Single Factor) Theories 62 Introduction 62 The Sexual Deviation Theory (McGuire et al., 1965) 62 The Cognitive Distortion Theory (Abel et al., 1984) 63 The Intimacy Deficits Theory (Marshall, 1989) 64 The Conditioning Theory (Law & Marshall, 1990) 65 Radical Feminist Perspectives on Child Sexual Abuse (Breckenridge, 1992) 67 Postmodern Feminist Perspectives on Sexual Offending (Featherstone & Fawcett, 1994; Featherstone & Lancaster, 1997; Lancaster & Lumb, 1999) 68 The Four-Stage Model of the Empathy Process (Marshall et al., 1995) 69 The Monoamine Hypothesis (Kafka, 1997, 2003) 71 The Implicit Theory of Sexual Offenders (Ward, 2000) 72 The Power/Powerlessness Theory (Cossins, 2000) 75 The Schema-Based Model of Sexual Assault (Mann & Beech, 2003) 76 References 77 4 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level III (Micro-Level) Theories 82 Introduction 82 The Substance Abuse-Based Relapse Model (Marlatt Relapse Model) (Marlatt & Gordon, 1985) 82 The Pithers-Marques Relapse Model of Sexual Offending (Pithers et al., 1983) 83 Wolf''s Addiction Cycle of Sexual Offending (Wolf, 1985) 84 Freeman-Longo''s Four-Stage Model (Bays & Freeman-Longo, 1990; Freeman-Longo & Pithers, 1992) 87 Carich''s Six-Stage Sexual Assault Cycle (Carich, 1994; Carich & Stone, 1995) 87 Lane''s Sexual Abuse Cycle (Lane, 1991, 1997) 88 Salter''s Deviant Cycle (Salter, 1995) 90 The Child Molester Offense Chain Model of Ward et al. (Ward et al., 1995b) 91 The Self-Regulation Process Model of Sexual Offending (Ward & Hudson, 1998a) 95 The Rape Model of Polaschek et al.

(Polaschek et al., 2001) 99 The Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending (Ward & Beech, 2006) 105 Brain Development 106 Ecological Niche: Proximal and Distal Factors 108 Neuropsychological Functioning 109 Clinical Phenomena 110 The Expertise-Related Competency Model of Child Sexual Offending (Bourke et al., 2012) 112 Phase 1: Primary Skill Acquisition 114 Phase 2: Lifestyle 115 Phase 3: Offense-Related Competencies 115 Phase 4: Offense-Related Behaviors 116 Mediating Categories: Internal Moderators and Contextual Features 116 Phase 5: Masking 117 Phase 6: Reflection 117 References 118 5 Theories of Female Sexual Offending 124 Introduction 124 The Descriptive Model of Female Sexual Offending (Gannon et al., 2008) 124 Phase 1: Background Factors 124 Phase 2: The Pre-offense Period 125 Phase 3: The Offense and Post-offense Period 128 Pathway Identification 131 Trauma-Informed Perspective of Female Sexual Offending (McLeod et al., 2015) 134 References 137 6 Theories of Sexual Homicide Offending 140 Introduction 140 The Motivational Model (Burgess et al., 1986) 140 Ineffective Social Environment 140 Formative Events in Childhood and Adolescence 142 Patterned Responses to Formative Events 143 Actions toward Others and Self 144 Feedback Filter 144 The Trauma-Control Model (Hickey, 1997, 2002) 145 Predispositional Factors 146 Traumatic Events 146 Low Self-Esteem and Fantasies 146 Dissociation 147 Trauma Reinforcers 147 Facilitators 148 Increasingly Violent Fantasies 148 Homicidal Behavior 148 The Paraphilic Model (Arrigo & Purcell, 2001) 149 Formative Development 150 Predispositional Factors 150 Traumatic Events 150 Low Self-Esteem 151 Early Fantasy and Paraphilic Development 151 Paraphilic Process 152 Paraphilic Stimuli and Fantasy 152 Orgasmic Conditioning Process 152 Facilitators 153 Stressors 153 Behavioral Manifestations 153 Increasingly Violent Fantasies 154 The Social Learning-Routine Activity Integrated Theory (Chan, 2015; Chan et al., 2011) 154 Predispositional Factors: A Motivated Offender 155 Situational Factors: An Attractive and Suitable Target, and the Absence of a Capable Guardian 157 Additional Motivating Factors: Precrime Precipitators 158 References 158 Part 2 Sexual Offending in Asia 163 7 Sexual Offending in East Asia 165 Introduction 165 Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 165 Mainland China 166 Hong Kong 167 Japan 168 South Korea 169 North Korea 169 Taiwan 170 Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 170 Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 174 Intervention and Prevention Strategies 182 Penal Codes 187 Case Examples 187 The "Chinese Jack the Ripper" 188 The Serial Kidnapping Murder of Little Girls in Japan 189 Conclusion 191 References 192 References on the Cases 212 8 Sexual Offending in Southeast Asia 213 Introduction 213 Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 213 Indonesia 214 The Philippines 215 Vietnam 216 Myanmar 216 Malaysia and Singapore 217 Thailand 217 Cambodia 218 Sexual Violence in Political Conflict Areas 219 Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 219 Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 223 Intervention and Prevention Strategies 228 Penal Codes 230 Case Examples 231 The Indonesian Serial Child Murderer 231 The Malaysian Serial Sexual Offender in Singapore 233 Conclusion 235 References 236 References on the Cases 250 9 Sexual Offending in South Asia 252 Introduction 252 Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 252 India 252 Bangladesh 253 Nepal 253 Pakistan 254 Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 254 Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 258 Intervention and Prevention Strategies 264 Penal Codes 266 Case Examples 266 The Delhi Gang Rape in India 266 The Rape and Murder of Zainab Amin Ansari in Pakistan 268 Conclusion 269 References 270 References on the Cases 283 10 Sexual Offending in West Asia 284 Introduction 284 Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 284 Saudi Arabia 285 Turkey 286 Egypt 286 Cyprus 286 Israel 287 Iran 287 Jordan 288 Iraq 289 Palestine 289 Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 290 Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 293 Intervention and Prevention Strategies 299 Penal Codes 302 Case Examples 303 The Iranian "Spider Killer" 303 The Rape and Murder of Azra Gülendam Haytaoglu in Turkey 305 Conclusion 306 References 307 References on the Cases 320 11 Sexual Offending in Central Asia 322 Introduction 322 Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 322 Kyrgyzstan 323 Tajikistan 323 Kazakhstan 324 Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 324 Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 326 Intervention and Prevention Strategies 327 Penal Codes 328 Case Examples 328 The Murder and Dismemberment of Ayazhan Yedilova in Kazakhstan 329 The Bride Kidnapping and Murder of Aizada Kanatbekova in Kyrgyzstan 330 Conclusion 331 References 332 References on the Cases 337 12 Conclusion 339 Introduction 339 Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending in Asia 340 Distinguishing Sex.