Preface xvii 1 DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF CORROSION 1 1.1 Definition of Corrosion 1 1.1.1 Corrosion Science and Corrosion Engineering 1 1.2 Importance of Corrosion 2 1.3 Risk Management 5 1.4 Causes of Corrosion 6 2 ELECTROCHEMICAL MECHANISMS 9 2.1 The Dry-Cell Analogy and Faraday''s Law 9 2.

2 Definition of Anode and Cathode 11 2.3 Types of Cells 13 2.4 Types of Corrosion Damage 15 3 THERMODYNAMICS: CORROSION TENDENCY AND ELECTRODE POTENTIALS 21 3.1 Change of Gibbs Free Energy 21 3.2 Measuring the Emf of a Cell 22 3.3 Calculating the Half-Cell Potential--The Nernst Equation 22 3.4 The Hydrogen Electrode and the Standard Hydrogen Scale 24 3.5 Convention of Signs and Calculation of Emf 25 3.

6 Measurement of pH 28 3.7 The Oxygen Electrode and Differential Aeration Cell 28 3.8 The Emf and Galvanic Series 30 3.9 Liquid Junction Potentials 33 3.10 Reference Electrodes 34 4 THERMODYNAMICS: POURBAIX DIAGRAMS 43 4.1 Basis of Pourbaix Diagrams 43 4.2 Pourbaix Diagram for Water 44 4.3 Pourbaix Diagram for Iron 45 4.

4 Pourbaix Diagram for Aluminum 47 4.5 Pourbaix Diagram for Magnesium 48 4.6 Limitations of Pourbaix Diagrams 49 5 KINETICS: POLARIZATION AND CORROSION RATES 53 5.1 Polarization 53 5.2 The Polarized Cell 54 5.3 How Polarization Is Measured 56 5.4 Causes of Polarization 58 5.5 Hydrogen Overpotential 63 5.

6 Polarization Diagrams of Corroding Metals 66 5.7 Influence of Polarization on Corrosion Rate 68 5.8 Calculation of Corrosion Rates from Polarization Data 71 5.9 Anode-Cathode Area Ratio 73 5.10 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 75 5.11 Theory of Cathodic Protection 77 6 PASSIVITY 83 6.1 Definition 83 6.2 Characteristics of Passivation and the Flade Potential 84 6.

3 Behavior of Passivators 88 6.4 Anodic Protection and Transpassivity 90 6.5 Theories of Passivity 92 6.6 Critical Pitting Potential 97 6.7 Critical Pitting Temperature 99 6.8 Passivity of Alloys 100 6.9 Effect of Cathodic Polarization and Catalysis 108 7 IRON AND STEEL 115 7.1 Introduction 115 7.

2 Aqueous Environments 116 7.3 Metallurgical Factors 138 7.4 Steel Reinforcements in Concrete 143 8 EFFECT OF STRESS 149 8.1 Cold Working 149 8.2 Stress-Corrosion Cracking 150 8.3 Mechanism of Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Steel and Other Metals 156 8.4 Hydrogen Damage 166 8.5 Radiation Damage 172 8.

6 Corrosion Fatigue 173 8.7 Fretting Corrosion 180 9 ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION 191 9.1 Introduction 191 9.2 Types of Atmospheres 192 9.3 Corrosion-Product Films 192 9.4 Factors Infl uencing Corrosivity of the Atmosphere 195 9.5 Remedial Measures 201 10 CORROSION IN SOILS 205 10.1 Introduction 205 10.

2 Factors Affecting the Corrosivity of Soils 206 10.3 Bureau of Standards Tests 207 10.4 Stress-Corrosion Cracking 210 10.5 Remedial Measures 211 11 OXIDATION 215 11.1 Introduction 215 11.2 Initial Stages 216 11.3 Thermodynamics of Oxidation: Free Energy-Temperature Diagram 218 11.4 Protective and Nonprotective Scales 218 11.

5 Wagner Theory of Oxidation 223 11.6 Oxide Properties and Oxidation 224 11.7 Galvanic Effects and Electrolysis of Oxides 227 11.8 Hot Ash Corrosion 229 11.9 Hot Corrosion 229 11.10 Oxidation of Copper 230 11.11 Oxidation of Iron and Iron Alloys 232 11.12 Life Test for Oxidation-Resistant Wires 233 11.

13 Oxidation-Resistant Alloys 234 12 STRAY-CURRENT CORROSION 241 12.1 Introduction 241 12.2 Sources of Stray Currents 242 12.3 Quantitative Damage by Stray Currents 244 12.4 Detection of Stray Currents 245 12.5 Soil-Resistivity Measurement 246 12.6 Means for Reducing Stray-Current Corrosion 246 13 CATHODIC PROTECTION 251 13.1 Introduction 251 13.

2 Brief History 252 13.3 How Applied 253 13.4 Combined Use with Coatings 255 13.5 Magnitude of Current Required 257 13.6 Anode Materials and Backfi ll 258 13.7 Criteria of Protection 260 13.8 Economics of Cathodic Protection 263 13.9 Anodic Protection 263 14 METALLIC COATINGS 269 14.

1 Methods of Application 269 14.2 Classification of Coatings 271 14.3 Specific Metal Coatings 272 15 INORGANIC COATINGS 285 15.1 Vitreous Enamels 285 15.2 Portland Cement Coatings 286 15.3 Chemical Conversion Coatings 286 16 ORGANIC COATINGS 289 16.1 Introduction 289 16.2 Paints 289 16.

3 Requirements for Corrosion Protection 291 16.4 Metal Surface Preparation 293 16.5 Applying Paint Coatings 295 16.6 Filiform Corrosion 296 16.7 Plastic Linings 299 17 INHIBITORS AND PASSIVATORS 303 17.1 Introduction 303 17.2 Passivators 304 17.3 Pickling Inhibitors 310 17.

4 Slushing Compounds 313 17.5 Vapor-Phase Inhibitors 313 18 TREATMENT OF WATER AND STEAM SYSTEMS 317 18.1 Deaeration and Deactivation 317 18.2 Hot- and Cold-Water Treatment 321 18.3 Boiler-Water Treatment 323 19 ALLOYING FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE; STAINLESS STEELS 333 19.1 Introduction 333 19.2 Stainless Steels 335 20 COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS 367 20.1 Copper 367 20.

2 Copper Alloys 371 21 ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS 383 21.1 Aluminum 383 21.2 Aluminum Alloys 393 22 MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS 399 22.1 Introduction 399 22.2 Magnesium 399 22.3 Magnesium Alloys 400 22.4 Summary 404 23 NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS 407 23.1 Introduction 407 23.

2 Nickel 408 23.3 Nickel Alloys 411 24 COBALT AND COBALT ALLOYS 419 24.1 Introduction 419 24.2 Cobalt Alloys 420 25 TITANIUM 425 25.1 Titanium 425 25.2 Titanium Alloys 427 25.3 Pitting and Crevice Corrosion 429 25.4 Intergranular Corrosion and Stress-Corrosion Cracking 430 26 ZIRCONIUM 435 26.

1 Introduction 435 26.2 Zirconium Alloys 436 26.3 Behavior in Hot Water and Steam 437 27 TANTALUM 441 27.1 Introduction 441 27.2 Corrosion Behavior 441 28 LEAD 445 28.1 Introduction 445 28.2 Corrosion Behavior of Lead and Lead Alloys 446 28.3 Summary 448 29 APPENDIX 451 29.

1 Activity and Activity Coeffi cients of Strong Electrolytes 451 29.2 Derivation of Stern-Geary Equation for Calculating Corrosion Rates from Polarization Data Obtained at Low Current Densities 456 29.3 Derivation of Equation Expressing the Saturation Index of a Natural Water 461 29.4 Derivation of Potential Change along a Cathodically Protected Pipeline 467 29.5 Derivation of the Equation for Potential Drop along the Soil Surface Created by Current Entering or Leaving a Buried Pipe 469 29.6 Derivation of the Equation for Determining Resistivity of Soil by Four-Electrode Method 470 29.7 Derivation of the Equation Expressing Weight Loss by Fretting Corrosion 471 29.8 Conversion Factors 474 29.

9 Standard Potentials 476 29.10 Notation and Abbreviations 476 References 478 Index 479.