1 Introduction.- 1.1 Why a Conversion Handbook?.- 1.2 How to Use This Book.- 2 The International System of Units.- 2.1 History.

- 2.2 The General Conference on Weights and Measures.- 2.3 Organization of the SI.- 2.3.1 SI Base Units.- 2.

3.2 SI Supplementary Units.- 2.3.3 SI Derived Units.- 2.3.4 Non-SI and SI Units Used in Combination.

- 2.3.4.1 Commonly Used Legal Non-SI Units.- 2.3.4.2 Non-SI Units Defined by Experiment.

- 2.3.4.3 Non-SI Units Temporarily Maintained.- 2.3.4.4 Non-SI Units Which Must be Discontinued.

- 2.4 SI Prefixes.- 3 Other Systems of Units.- 3.1 MTS, MKpS, MKSA.- 3.1.1 The MKpS System.

- 3.1.2 The MTS System.- 3.1.3 The MKSA (Giorgi) System.- 3.2 Cgs, Gauss, IEUS, a.

u.- 3.2.1 The cgs System.- 3.2.1.1 The esu Subsystem.

- 3.2.1.2 The emu Subsystem.- 3.2.2 The Gauss System.- 3.

2.3 International Electrical Units.- 3.2.4 Atomic Units (a.u.).- 3.

3 British and American Systems of Units.- 3.3.1 Imperial Units.- 3.3.1.1 Imperial Units of Length.

- 3.3.1.1.1 UK Linear Measure.- 3.3.1.

1.2 UK Nautical Measure.- 3.3.1.1.3 UK Surveyors'' Measure.- 3.

3.1.2 Imperial Units of Area.- 3.3.1.2.1 UK Measures of Area.

- 3.3.1.2.2 UK Surveyor''s Measure.- 3.3.1.

2.3 Circular Units.- 3.3.1.3 Imperial Units of Volume and Capacity.- 3.3.

1.3.1 UK Measures of Volume.- 3.3.1.3.2 UK Liquid Measure.

- 3.3.1.3.3 UK Dry Measure.- 3.3.1.

4 Imperial Units of Weight.- 3.3.1.4.1 UK Avoirdupois Weight.- 3.3.

1.4.2 UK Apothecaries'' Weight.- 3.3.1.4.3 UK Troy Weight.

- 3.3.2 The American System of Measures (US Customary Units).- 3.3.2.1 US Customary Units of Length.- 3.

3.2.1.1 US Linear Measure.- 3.3.2.1.

2 US Nautical Measure.- 3.3.2.1.3 US Surveyors'' Measure.- 3.3.

2.2 US Customary Units of Area.- 3.3.2.2.1 US Measures of Area.- 3.

3.2.2.2 US Surveyors'' Measure.- 3.3.2.2.

3 Circular Units.- 3.3.2.3 US Units of Volume and Capacity.- 3.3.2.

3.1 US Measures of Volume.- 3.3.2.3.2 US Liquid Measure.- 3.

3.2.3.3 US Dry Measure.- 3.3.2.3.

4 US Apothecaries'' Measures of Capacity.- 3.3.2.4 US Customary Units of Weight.- 3.3.2.

4.1 US AvoirdupoisWeight.- 3.3.2.4.2 US Apothecaries'' Weight.- 3.

3.2.4.3 US Troy Weight.- 3.3.3 Obsolete Weight and Capacity Measures.- 3.

3.3.1 UK Units of Weight for Butter and Cheese.- 3.3.3.2 UK Units for Beer, Wines and Spirits.- 3.

3.3.3 UK Units of Weight for Coal.- 3.3.3.4 UK Units for Clothes.- 3.

3.3.5 UK and US Hay and Straw Weights.- 3.3.3.6 UK Weight for Wool.- 3.

3.3.7 US Units of Capacity Used in Food Recipes.- 3.3.3.8 US Units of Capacity for Wine.- 3.

3.3.9 Modern UK and US Dimensionless Units for Numbers of Paper Sheets 51 3.3.3.10 Old UK and US Dimensionless Units for Numbers of Paper Sheets.- 3.3.

3.11 Old US Units for Measuring the Volume of Stacked Firewood.- 3.3.3.12 UK and US Dimensionless Counting Units.- 3.4 The Foot-Pound-Second (FPS) System.

- 3.5 Ancient and Obsolete Systems of Weights and Measures.- 3.5.1 Systems from Antiquity.- 3.5.1.

1 The Chinese System.- 3.5.1.1.1 Old Chinese Units of Length.- 3.5.

1.1.2 Old Chinese Units of Area.- 3.5.1.1.3 Old Chinese Units of Weight.

- 3.5.1.1.4 Old Chinese Units of Capacity.- 3.5.1.

2 The Indian System.- 3.5.1.2.1 Old Indian Units of Length.- 3.5.

1.2.2 Indian Units of Weight.- 3.5.1.2.3 Indian Units of Capacity.

- 3.5.1.3 The Egyptian System.- 3.5.1.3.

1 Egyptian Units of Length.- 3.5.1.3.2 Egyptian Units of Area.- 3.5.

1.3.3 Egyptian Units of Weight.- 3.5.1.3.4 Egyptian Units of Capacity.

- 3.5.1.4 The Assyrio-Chaldean-Persian System.- 3.5.1.4.

1 Persian Units of Length.- 3.5.1.4.2 Persian Units of Area.- 3.5.

1.4.3 Persian Units of Weight.- 3.5.1.4.4 Persian Units of Capacity.

- 3.5.1.5 The Hebrew System.- 3.5.1.5.

1 Hebrew Units of Length.- 3.5.1.5.2 Hebrew Units of Weight (Sacred System).- 3.5.

1.5.3 Hebrew Units of Weight (Talmudic or Rabbinical System).- 3.5.1.5.4 Hebrew Units of Capacity (Dry).

- 3.5.1.5.5 Hebrew Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.1.

6 The Greek System (Attic).- 3.5.1.6.1 Greek Units of Length.- 3.5.

1.6.2 Greek Units of Weight.- 3.5.1.6.3 Greek Units of Capacity (Dry).

- 3.5.1.6.4 Greek Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.1.

7 The Roman System.- 3.5.1.7.1 Roman Units of Length.- 3.5.

1.7.2 Roman Units of Area.- 3.5.1.7.3 Roman Units of Weight.

- 3.5.1.7.4 Roman Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.1.

7.5 Roman Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.1.8 The Arabic System.- 3.5.

1.8.1 Arabic Units of Length.- 3.5.1.8.2 Arabic Units of Area.

- 3.5.1.8.3 Arabic Units of Weight (System of the Prophet).- 3.5.1.

8.4 Arabic Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2 Obsolete National and Regional Systems.- 3.5.2.

1 Western and Southern Europe.- 3.5.2.1.1 Old French System (Ancien Regime).- 3.5.

2.1.1.1 Old French Units of Length.- 3.5.2.1.

1.2 Old French Units of Area.- 3.5.2.1.1.3 Old French Units of Capacity.

- 3.5.2.1.1.4 Old French Units of Weight.- 3.5.

2.1.2 Old French System (1812-1840).- 3.5.2.1.2.

1 Old French Units of Length (Metric).- 3.5.2.1.2.2 Old French Units of Weight (Metric).- 3.

5.2.1.3 Old Belgian System8.- 3.5.2.1.

3.1 Old Belgian Units of Length.- 3.5.2.1.3.2 Old Belgian Units of Weight.

- 3.5.2.1.4 Old Swiss System.- 3.5.2.

1.4.1 Old Swiss Units of Length.- 3.5.2.1.4.

2 Old Swiss Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.1.4.3 Old Swiss Units of Weight (Apoth.).

- 3.5.2.1.5 Old Scottish System.- 3.5.2.

1.5.1 Old Scottish Units of Length.- 3.5.2.1.5.

2 Old Scottish Units of Surface Area.- 3.5.2.1.5.3 Old Scottish Units of Capacity.- 3.

5.2.1.5.4 Old Scottish Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.

1.6 Old Irish System.- 3.5.2.1.6.1 Old Irish Units of Length.

- 3.5.2.1.6.2 Old Irish Units of Capacity.- 3.5.

2.1.7 Old Italian System.- 3.5.2.1.7.

1 Old Italian Units of Length.- 3.5.2.1.7.2 Old Italian Units of Weight.- 3.

5.2.1.7.3 Old Italian Measures (Regional Variations).- 3.5.2.

1.8 Old Spanish System (Castillian).- 3.5.2.1.8.1 Old Spanish Units of Length.

- 3.5.2.1.8.2 Old Spanish Units of Area.- 3.5.

2.1.8.3 Old Spanish Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.1.

8.4 Old Spanish Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.2.1.8.5 Old Spanish Units of Capacity (Dry).

- 3.5.2.1.9 Old Portuguese System.- 3.5.2.

1.9.1 Old Portuguese Units of Length.- 3.5.2.1.9.

2 Old Portuguese Units of Area.- 3.5.2.1.9.3 Old Portuguese Units of Weight.- 3.

5.2.1.9.4 Old Portuguese Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.2.

1.9.5 Old Portuguese Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.2.1.10 Old Maltese System.

- 3.5.2.1.10.1 Old Maltese Units of Length.- 3.5.

2.1.10.2 Old Maltese Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2.1.

10.3 Old Maltese Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.1.11 Old Balearic Islands System.- 3.

5.2.1.11.1 Old Balearic Units of Length.- 3.5.2.

1.11.2 Old Balearic Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.2.1.11.

3 Old Balearic Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.2.1.11.4 Old Balearic Units of Weight.- 3.

5.2.1.12 Old Greek System.- 3.5.2.1.

12.1 Old Greek Units of Length.- 3.5.2.1.12.2 Old Greek Units of Capacity.

- 3.5.2.1.12.3 Old Greek Units of Weight.- 3.5.

2.1.13 Old Cypriot System.- 3.5.2.1.13.

1 Old Cypriot Units of Length and Area.- 3.5.2.1.13.2 Old Cypriot Units of Capacity.- 3.

5.2.1.13.3 Old Cypriot Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.

1.14 Old Turkish System.- 3.5.2.1.14.1 Old Turkish Units of Length.

- 3.5.2.1.14.2 Old Turkish Units of Area.- 3.5.

2.1.14.3 Old Turkish Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2.1.

14.4 Old Turkish Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.2 Central and Northern Europe.- 3.5.

2.2.1 Old Austrian System.- 3.5.2.2.1.

1 Old Austrian Units of Length.- 3.5.2.2.1.2 Old Austrian Units of Surface Area.- 3.

5.2.2.1.3 Old Austrian Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.2.

2.1.4 Old Austrian Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.2.2.1.

5 Old Austrian Units of Weight (Ordinary).- 3.5.2.2.1.6 Old Austrian Units of Weight (Apothecary).- 3.

5.2.2.2 Old German System (Prussian).- 3.5.2.2.

2.1 Old German Units of Length.- 3.5.2.2.2.2 Old German Units of Weight.

- 3.5.2.2.2.3 Old German Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.

2.2.2.4 Old German Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.2.2.

3 Old Yugoslavian System.- 3.5.2.2.3.1 Old Yugoslavian Units of Length.- 3.

5.2.2.3.2 Old Yugoslavian Units of Surface Area.- 3.5.2.

2.3.3 Old Yugoslavian Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.2.4 Old Czechoslovakian System.

- 3.5.2.2.4.1 Old Czechoslovakian Units of Length.- 3.5.

2.2.4.2 Old Czechoslovakian Units of Surface Area.- 3.5.2.2.

4.3 Old Czechoslovakian Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2.2.5 Old Hungarian System.- 3.

5.2.2.5.1 Old Hungarian Units of Length.- 3.5.2.

2.5.2 Old Hungarian Units of Surface Area.- 3.5.2.2.5.

3 Old Hungarian Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2.2.6 Old Romanian Systen.- 3.5.

2.2.6.1 Old Romanian Units of Length.- 3.5.2.2.

6.2 Old Romanian Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2.2.6.3 Old Romanian Units of Weight.

- 3.5.2.2.7 Old Dutch System.- 3.5.2.

2.7.1 Old Dutch Units of Length.- 3.5.2.2.7.

2 Old Dutch Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.2.7.3 Old Dutch Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.

5.2.2.7.4 Old Dutch Units of Capacity (Liquids).- 3.5.2.

2.8 Old Danish System.- 3.5.2.2.8.1 Old Danish Units of Length.

- 3.5.2.2.8.2 Old Danish Units of Surface Area.- 3.5.

2.2.8.3 Old Danish Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2.2.

8.4 Old Danish Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.2.9 Old Polish System.- 3.

5.2.2.9.1 Old Polish Units of Length.- 3.5.2.

2.9.2 Old Polish Units of Surface Area.- 3.5.2.2.9.

3 Old Polish Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2.2.9.4 Old Polish Units of Weight.- 3.

5.2.2.10 Old Swedish System.- 3.5.2.2.

10.1 Old Swedish Units of Length.- 3.5.2.2.10.2 Old Swedish Units of Area.

- 3.5.2.2.10.3 Old Swedish Units of Weight.- 3.5.

2.2.10.4 Old Swedish Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2.2.

11 Old Norwegian System.- 3.5.2.2.11.1 Miscellaneous Old Norwegian Units.- 3.

5.2.2.12 Old Finnish System.- 3.5.2.2.

12.1 Old Finnish Units of Capacity.- 3.5.2.2.13 Old IcelandicSystem.- 3.

5.2.2.13.1 Old Icelandic Units of Length.- 3.5.2.

2.13.2 Old Icelandic Units of Area.- 3.5.2.2.13.

3Old Icelandic Units of Capacity (Dry).- 3.5.2.2.13.4Old Icelandic Units of Weight.- 3.

5.2.2.14 Old Estonian System.- 3.5.2.2.

14.1 Old Estonian Units of Length.- 3.5.2.2.14.2 Old Estonian Units of Surface Area.

- 3.5.2.2.14.3 Old Estonian Units of Capacity.- 3.5.

2.2.14.4 Old Estonian Units of Weight.- 3.5.2.2.

15 Old Latvian System.- 3.5.2.2.15.1 Old Latvian Units of Length.- 3.

5.2.2.15.2 Old Latvian Units of Area.- 3.5.2.

2.15.3 Old.