Epigraph xv Abbreviations xvii Glossary xxiii Preface xxvii Acknowledgment xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Chemistry and Development 1 1.2 Pollution and Contamination 3 1.3 Chemical pollutants 4 1.4 Pollutants in the Environment 6 1.5 Concept of Emerging Pollutants 7 1.6 Historical Background of Emerging Pollutants 8 1.7 Classification of Emerging Pollutants 9 1.
8 Regulations and Normatives 11 References 13 2 Occurrence and Removal of Environmental Pollutants 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Pollutants in the Atmosphere 19 2.3 Pollutants in Ground and SurfaceWaters: Quality Parameters 20 2.4 Pollutants in the Ground and Soil 23 2.5 Sources of Emerging Pollutants or CECs 23 2.5.1 CECs fromWWTPs 24 2.
5.2 CECs inWastewater Biosolids 25 2.5.3 CECs from Agriculture and Livestock 25 2.5.4 CECs in Soils 26 2.5.5 CECs in Groundwater 27 2.
5.6 CECs in Landfill 28 2.5.7 CECs in Seawater 29 2.6 Treatment of CECs 30 2.6.1 Treatment of CECs inWWTPs 30 2.6.
2 Treatment of CECs in Landfill Leachates 32 2.6.3 Wastewater Reuse 33 2.7 Toxicity of CECs 34 References 37 3 Detection and Analysis of Chemical Pollutants 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Sample Preparation 43 3.2.1 Extraction with Organic Solvents 44 3.
2.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) 44 3.2.3 Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) 45 3.2.4 Vortex-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (VALLME) 45 3.2.5 Single-Drop Microextraction 45 3.
2.6 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) 46 3.2.7 Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) 47 3.2.8 Dispersive Solid Phase Microextraction (DSPE/DSPME) 47 3.2.9 Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion (MSPD) 48 3.
2.10 Passive Sampling 48 3.2.11 Immunosorbent Extraction 49 3.2.12 Extraction of Volatile Compounds 49 3.2.13 Online Extraction 50 3.
2.14 Extraction with Nanomaterials 50 3.2.15 Sampling from Biological Materials 50 3.3 AnalyticalMethods for Identifying EPs 50 3.3.1 SeparationMethods 52 3.3.
2 CharacterizationMethods 52 References 53 4 Overview of Pharmaceutical Products as Emerging Pollutants 57 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Therapeutic Classes of PCs Detected in the Environment 59 4.3 Sources of PCs in the Environment 59 4.4 Detection and Analysis of PCs in the Environment 61 4.5 Occurrence of PCs in the Environment 63 4.5.1 Pharmaceuticals inWWTPs 64 4.
5.2 PCs in HospitalWastewater 64 4.5.3 PCs in SurfaceWater and Groundwater 66 4.5.4 PCs in Seawater 68 4.5.5 PCs in DrinkingWater 68 4.
5.6 PCs in Soil 69 4.6 Ecotoxicological Aspects of PCs on Environment 72 4.7 Removal of PCs 75 4.7.1 Conventional Systems for Removing PCs inWater-Treatment Systems 76 4.7.2 Adsorption on Activated Carbon 77 4.
7.3 Technologies Based on Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 77 4.8 Conclusions 79 References 80 5 Therapeutic Classes of PCs in the Environment 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Antibiotics (ABs) 105 5.2.1 Chemical Classes of Antibiotics 105 5.2.
2 The Problem of the Resistance of Antibiotics 114 5.2.3 Antibiotics in the Environment 114 5.2.4 Degradation/Removal of Antibiotics 116 5.2.5 An Example of ABs in the Environment: Sulfonamides 116 5.3 Estrogens and Hormonal Compounds 117 5.
3.1 Estrogens in the Environment 117 5.4 Drugs with Endocrine Disruption Properties 120 5.5 Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antiarthritic, and Antirheumatic Compounds 124 5.5.1 Non-Narcotic Analgesics Drugs 124 5.5.2 Narcotic Analgesics Drugs 125 5.
5.3 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 125 5.6 Psychotropic Drugs 128 5.6.1 Environmental Impact of Psychotropic Drugs 129 5.7 Antiepileptic Drugs 131 5.8 β-Blockers/Diuretics 133 5.8.
1 β-Blockers in the Environment 133 5.9 Lipid Regulators 135 5.10 β2-Sympathomimetic Drugs 136 5.11 Antidiabetic Drugs 138 5.12 X-Ray Contrast Drugs: Diagnostic Agents 139 5.13 Cytostatic PCs: Antineoplastics 140 5.14 Veterinary Drugs: Anthelmintics 141 5.14.
1 Classes of Anthelmintics 142 5.14.2 Anthelmintics in the Environment 145 References 146 6 Illegal Drugs, Occurrence, and Fate in Environment 167 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 What is an Illicit Drug? 168 6.2.1 Differences Between Licit and Illicit Drugs as Environmental Contaminants 169 6.3 Classes of Illicit Drugs 171 6.
3.1 Opiates 171 6.3.2 Other Central Nervous System Depressants 172 6.3.3 Central Nervous System Stimulants: Cocaine 173 6.3.4 Central-Nervous-System Stimulants: Amphetamine-Type Substances (ATSs) 173 6.
3.5 Hallucinogens 176 6.3.6 Cannabis 177 6.4 AnalyticalMethods for Detecting of Illicit Drugs 177 6.5 Illicit Drugs in the Environmental Compartments 178 6.5.1 Illicit Drugs inWastewater 179 6.
5.2 Illicit Drugs in SurfaceWater 181 6.5.3 Illicit Drugs in Seawater 182 6.5.4 Illicit Drugs in DrinkingWater 182 6.5.5 Illicit Drugs in Soil 183 6.
5.6 Illicit Drugs in Ambient Air 184 6.5.7 Illicit Drugs on Currency Notes 184 6.6 Estimation of Drug Consumption in Communities (Sewage-Based Epidemiology) 185 References 187 7 Pesticides as Pollutants 197 7.1 Introduction 197 7.2 Classification of Pesticides 198 7.2.
1 Classification of Pesticides by Activity 199 7.2.2 Classification of Pesticides by Toxicity 199 7.2.3 Classification of Pesticides by Chemical Structure 200 7.3 Organic Pesticides 200 7.3.1 Organochlorine Pesticides 200 7.
3.2 Organophosphorus Pesticides 202 7.3.3 Carbamates 203 7.3.4 Thiocarbamates 204 7.3.5 Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids 205 7.
3.6 Phenoxy Carboxylic Acids 205 7.3.7 Triazines 206 7.3.8 Uracils and Ureas 207 7.3.9 Azoles and Related Compounds 208 7.
3.10 Morpholine Derivatives 209 7.3.11 Bipyridines 210 7.3.12 Amides 211 7.3.13 Neonicotinoids 211 7.
3.14 Other Classes of Herbicides 213 7.4 Pesticides in the Environment 215 7.4.1 Degradation and Transformation of Pesticides in Environment 217 7.4.2 Pesticide TPs in the Environment 217 7.4.
3 Analysis of Pesticides 218 7.4.4 Pesticides inWater 220 7.5 An Example of National Survey: Pesticides in Italy 221 7.6 An Example of Pesticides in the Environment: Neonicotinoid Insecticides 223 References 224 8 Lifestyle Products as Emerging Pollutants 233 8.1 Introduction 233 8.2 Stimulants 233 8.2.
1 Caffeine 234 8.2.2 Nicotine 236 8.3 Food Additives 238 8.3.1 Toxicology of Food Additives 239 8.3.2 Global Regulation on Food Additives 240 8.
4 Classes of Food Additives 241 8.4.1 Substances with Nutritive and Other Dietary Effects 241 8.4.2 Substances with Stabilizing Effects 242 8.4.3 Substances with Sensory Effects (Organoleptic Substances) 245 8.4.
4 Substances as Processing Aids 247 8.4.5 Dietary Supplements 249 8.5 Food Additives as Emerging Organic Contaminants 250 8.6 Antioxidants in the Environment 250 8.7 Artificial Sweeteners in the Environment 251 8.7.1 Metabolism of Artificial Sweeteners 252 8.
7.2 Occurrence of the Artificial Sweeteners in the Environment 253 8.7.3 Artificial Sweeteners as Pollution Markers 255 References 257 9 Industrial Chemicals as Emerging Pollutant 265 9.1 Introduction 265 9.2 Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFASs) 266 9.2.1 PFASs in the Environment 268 9.
2.2 Analysis of PFASs 269 9.2.3 Toxicology and Regulation of PFASs 270 9.3 Plasticizers 271 9.3.1 Bisphenol A (BPA) 271 9.3.
2 Phthalates 274 9.3.3 N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBSA) 280 9.4 Flame Retardants 281 9.5 Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) 281 9.5.1 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) 282 9.5.
2 Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) 289 9.5.3 Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) 291 9.5.4 Hexabromobenzene (HBB) 291 9.5.5 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) 292 9.5.
6 Decabromodiphenyl Ethane (DBDPE) 292 9.5.7 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-Tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) 292 9.6 Polychlorinated Alkanes (C10-C13) 292 9.6.1 Use and Consumption of PCAs 293 9.6.2 Properties of PCAs 294 9.
6.3 PCAs in the Environment 295 9.6.4 Toxicology and Regulations of PCAs 296 9.7 Organophosphate Flame Retardants (OPFRs) 297 9.7.1 Use and Demand of OPFRs 297 9.7.
2 Properties of OPFRs 298 9.7.3 OPFRs in the Environment 299 9.7.4 Toxicology and Regulations of OPFRs 300 9.8 Corrosion Inhibitors: Benzothiazoles and Benzotriazoles 302 9.8.1 Benzotriazoles 302 9.
8.2 Benzothiazoles 303 9.9 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 304 9.10 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 306 9.10.1 Hazardous Compounds Originating from Oil Products 308 9.10.2 Gasoline Additives: MTBE 309 9.
11 Other Industrial Chemicals 310 9.11.1 Siloxanes 310 9.11.2 1,4-Dioxane 311 9.11.3 Nitroaromatic Compounds 311 9.11.
4 Naphthenic Acids 312 9.11.5 Other Chlorinated Compounds 312 9.11.6 Perchlorate 313 References 314 10 Surfactants in the Environ.