Motor Vehicle Design and Causation of Injuries Crashworthiness Seat Belts Airbags Introduction Design Antilock Braking Systems Electronic Stability Control Event Data Recorders Design Features to Protect Pedestrians Improvements in Lighting Enhanced Rear Lighting Adaptive Head Lighting Intelligent Vehicle Systems Behavioral Factors in Motor Vehicle Incidents Driving at an Excessive Speed Speed Cameras Driving While Intoxicated With Alcohol Driving Under the Influence of Drugs Driving While Fatigued or Drowsy Inattention and Distraction From the Task of Driving Looked-but-Failed-to-See Errors Behavior Associated With a History of Traffic Law Violations Running Red Lights Ignoring Traffic Signals Aggressive Driving Behavior Noncompliance With Seat Belts Age-related Issues Inexperienced Drivers Driver Decision Errors Medical Factors in Motor Vehicle Incidents Legislation Medical Conditions Cardiovascular System Common Cardiac Conditions Ischemic Heart Disease (Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis) Hypertensive Heart Disease Other Cardiovascular Conditions Myocarditis Aortic Dissection Cardiomyopathy Abnormal Cardiac Valves Coronary Artery Abnormalities Nervous System Epilepsy Stroke Intracranial Haemorrhage Investigations in Intracranial Haemorrhage Driving After Stroke Old Age and Dementia Head Injury Psychiatric Disorders Endocrine System (Diabetes Mellitus) Visual Problems Sleep Apnea Forensic Classification of Injuries Classification Abrasions Definition and Overview Direction of Impact Surface and Nature of the Object Shape of the Object Abrasions from Indirect Forces Lacerations Definition Direction and Nature of the Impact Bruises Definition Point of Impact Surface and Shape of the Object Degree of Bruising Petechial Haemorrhages Incised and Stab Injuries Definition Fractures and Ligament Injuries Definition Fractures Ligament Injury Demonstration of Fractures and Ligament Injuries Burns Definition Injuries Sustained by Motor Vehicle Occupants Frontal Collision Oblique Frontal Collisions Unrestrained Occupant Head Injury Secondary Brain Injury Deceleration Injury Restrained Occupant Blunt Chest Trauma Blunt Abdominal Trauma Pelvic and Lower Limb Trauma Upper Arm Spinal Injury Side Impact Collisions Injuries in Side Impact Collisions Rear Impact Collisions Injuries from Rear Impact Rollover Collisions Injuries in Rollover Incidents Ejection Injuries Associated With Seat belts Injuries Associated with Front Airbag Deployment Side Airbags Vehicle Mismatch Pregnant Occupants Injury Differences Between Drivers and Passengers Injury Severity Scores Vehicle Fires Injuries Sustained by Pedestrians Pedestrian Injuries Upright Pedestrians Vs. Conventional Cars Bumper Injuries Fractures Joint injuries to the Lower Limb Injuries to the Head Injuries to the Neck Injuries to the Upper Limbs Pedestrians Vs. Larger, Flat-Fronted Vehicles (Vehicle-Pedestrian Mismatch) Head Injuries Abdominal Injuries Chest injuries Pelvic Injury Lower Limb Injuries Upper Limbs Runover Injuries Pediatric Pedestrian Injuries Motor Vehicle Speed in Pedestrian Incidents Injuries Associated with Motorcycle, Bicycle, and Heavy Vehicle Incidents Motorcycles Human Factors Injuries to Riders in Motorcycle Incidents Rider or Pillion Passenger? Injury Prevention Through Helmet Use Bicycle Incidents Bicycle-Pedestrian Incidents Heavy Vehicle Incidents Introduction Overview of Truck Collisions Vehicle Factors Injuries in Truck Collisions Overview of Bus Collisions Injuries in Bus/Coach Collisions Postmortem Examination The Postmortem Examination Purpose of the Postmortem Examination Ancillary Investigations Radiographic Imaging Forensic Photography Additional Expert Opinions External Examination Internal Examination Cardiovascular System Natural Disease Trauma Central Nervous System Natural Disease Trauma Primary Brain Injury Secondary Brain Injury Musculoskeletal System Respiratory System Gastrointestinal System Liver Genitourinary System Reticuloendothelial System Death from Burns Other Investigations Cause of Death Summary of Anatomic Findings Toxicology Ethanol (Alcohol) Introduction Pharmacokinetics Actions of Ethanol Social Factors Legislation Methods of Analysis The Alcohol Breath Test Alcohol Interlock Devices Interpretation of Toxicology Results Forensic Calculations Non-Alcohol Drugs and Driving Introduction Cannabis Pharmacokinetics Effects of THC Central Nervous Stimulants Actions of Central Nervous System Stimulants Opiates Benzodiazepines Cause of Death Deaths at the Collision Scene Early Deaths from Motor Vehicle Incidents Delayed Deaths from Motor Vehicle Incidents Introduction Trauma Pathophysiology Damage Control Surgery Organ Failure Sepsis Fat Embolism Pulmonary Thromboembolism Iatrogenic injury Appendix 1: Scene Examination Overview Environmental Factors Weather Conditions Road Factors Surface Water Evidence from the Roadway Tyre Marks Skidmark Yawmark Collision Mark Acceleration Mark Flat Tyre Mark Rolling Print Collision Debris Trace Evidence Gouge and Scrape Marks Fluid Runoff Place of Rest Pedestrian Incidents - Evidence from the Roadway Appendix 2: Motor Vehicle Examination Exterior Contact Damage Paint Transfer Indentation Induced Damage Windshield Damage Tire Damage Headlights and Tail Lights Pedestrian Incidents-Evidence From the Motor Vehicle Interior Restraint System Examination Airbag Examination Mechanical Issues Appendix 3: Collision Reconstruction Overview Precollision Evaluation Collision Evaluation Postcollision Evaluation Collision Reconstruction Damage Analysis Conservation of Momentum Conservation of Energy Analysis Pedestrian Collisionst;BR>Noncompliance With Seat Belts Age-related Issues Inexperienced Drivers Driver Decision Errors Medical Factors in Motor Vehicle Incidents Legislation Medical Conditions Cardiovascular System Common Cardiac Conditions Ischemic Heart Disease (Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis) Hypertensive Heart Disease Other Cardiovascular Conditions Myocarditis Aortic Dissection Cardiomyopathy Abnormal Cardiac Valves Coronary Artery Abnormalities Nervous System Epilepsy Stroke Intracranial Haemorrhage Investigations in Intracranial Haemorrhage Driving After Stroke Old Age and Dementia Head Injury Psychiatric Disorders Endocrine System (Diabetes Mellitus) Visual Problems Sleep Apnea Forensic Classification of Injuries Classification Abrasions Definition and Overview Direction of Impact Surface and Nature of the Object Shape of the Object Abrasions from Indirect Forces Lacerations Definition Direction and Nature of the Impact Bruises Definition Point of Impact Surface and Shape of the Object Degree of Bruising Petechial Haemorrhages Incised and Stab Injuries Definition Fractures and Ligament Injuries Definition Fractures Ligament Injury Demonstration of Fractures and Ligament Injuries Burns Definition Injuries Sustained by Motor Vehicle Occupants Frontal Collision Oblique Frontal Collisions Unrestrained Occupant Head Injury Secondary Brain Injury Deceleration Injury Restrained Occupant Blunt Chest Trauma Blunt Abdominal Trauma Pelvic and Lower Limb Trauma Upper Arm Spinal Injury Side Impact Collisions Injuries in Side Impact Collisions Rear Impact Collisions Injuries from Rear Impact Rollover Collisions Injuries in Rollover Incidents Ejection Injuries Associated With Seat belts Injuries Associated with Front Airbag Deployment Side Airbags Vehicle Mismatch Pregnant Occupants Injury Differences Between Drivers and Passengers Injury Severity Scores Vehicle Fires Injuries Sustained by Pedestrians Pedestrian Injuries Upright Pedestrians Vs. Conventional Cars Bumper Injuries Fractures Joint injuries to the Lower Limb Injuries to the Head Injuries to the Neck Injuries to the Upper Limbs Pedestrians Vs. Larger, Flat-Fronted Vehicles (Vehicle-Pedestrian Mismatch) Head Injuries Abdominal Injuries