The nature of explosions.N The development of low and high explosives. Nuclear explosions. Retention and shock in free air. The decay of instantaneous pressure. The detonation of explosive charges. Ground-burst explosions. Above-ground explosions.

Below-ground explosions. Underwater explosions. Dust, gas, vapour and propellant. Liquid propellant explosions. Dust clouds. Gas explosions. Vapour clouds. Thermal effects.

Structural loading from distant explosions. Uniformly distributed pressures. Loading/time relationship. Loads on underground structures. Loads on underwater structures. Structural loading from local explosions. Concentrated external loads on surface structures. Ground shock from concentrated underground explosions.

Concentrated tender loads on underwater structures. Blast loads in tunnels and shafts. Loads from confined explosions in vented and unvented structures. Pressure measurement and blast simulation. Experimental pressure measurement. Blast simulation. Simulation of loads on underground structures. Centrifugal simulation.

Penetration and fragmentation. Introduction. Penetration into soil, stone and rock. Penetration into concrete. Small projectile damage to metal structures. Weapons and their effects. The development of charges and delivery systems. The effect of explosives on civil buildings.

The effect of explosions on hardlined structures. The effect of explosions on bridges. The effect of explosions on aricraft and ships. Residual strength and safety. Introduction. Residual strength assessment. The safety of damaged structures. Conclusions.