Introduction xix About the Author xxi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Heating and Ventilating Systems 2 Air Conditioning 4 Selecting a Suitable Heating, Ventilating, or Air Conditioning System 4 Career Opportunities 5 Professional Organizations 7 Chapter 2 Heating Fundamentals 9 British Thermal Unit 9 Relationship Between Heat and Work 9 Heat Transfer 11 Specific, Sensible, and Latent Heat 15 Heat-Conveying Mediums 16 Air 16 Steam 18 Water 22 Electricity 25 Chapter 3 Insulating and Ventilating Structures 27 Insulating Structures 27 Principles of Heat Transmission 28 Heat Transfer Values 29 Thermal Conductivity 29 Thermal Conductance 46 Thermal Resistance 47 Overall Coefficient of Heat Transmission 48 Condensation 48 Vapor Retarders 49 Air Barriers and Air/Vapor Retarders 51 Insulating Materials 52 Rigid Insulation Board 52 Reflective Insulation 54 Blanket or Batt Insulation 55 Loose-Fill Insulation 56 Blown-In Insulation 57 Foam Insulation 58 Building Construction and Location 58 Recommended Insulation Practices 59 Frame Walls 60 Masonry 60 Metal 63 Sandwich Construction 63 Basement Walls 63 Crawl Space Exterior Walls 63 Walls Between Separately Heated Dwelling Units 64 Wood or Metal Joist Frame Floors 64 Concrete Floors 66 Slab-on-Grade Floors 66 Floors of Sandwich Construction 66 Frame Ceilings and Roofs 67 Concrete Ceilings 68 Sandwich Ceilings 68 Windows and Doors 69 Insulating Attics, Attic Crawl Spaces, and Flat Roofs 69 Ventilating Structures 72 Chapter 4 Sizing Residential Heating and Air Conditioning Systems 73 Rule-of-Thumb Methods 74 Sizing Systems Using Coefficients of Heat Transmission 75 Outside Design Temperature 77 Inside Design Temperature 77 Design Temperature Difference 80 Determining Coefficients of Heat Transmission 80 Calculating Net Area 80 Heat Transmission Loss Formula 81 Computing Total Heat Loss 82 Loss in Doors and Windows 84 Loss in Basements 84 Loss in Slab Construction 86 Infiltration Heat Loss 87 Ventilation Heat Loss 92 The Average Value Method 93 Heat Loss Tabulation Forms 95 Estimating Fuel Requirements and Heating Costs 100 The Heat Loss Formula 100 The Corrected Heat Loss Formula 102 The Degree-Day Formula 102 The NEMA Formula 106 Manual J and Related Materials Used for Sizing Heating/Cooling Systems 106 Other Heating Costs 107 Determining Utility Rates 108 Chapter 5 Heating Fuels 111 Natural Gas 112 Manufactured Gas 113 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 113 Fuel Oils 114 Coal 117 Coke 119 Briquettes 119 Coal Oil 119 Wood as Fuel 120 Ash, Slag, and Clinker Formation 122 Soot 123 Comparing Heating Fuel Costs 123 Chapter 6 Warm-Air Heating Systems 125 Classifying Warm-Air Heating Systems 125 Gravity Warm-Air Heating Systems 128 Planning a Gravity Warm-Air Heating System 129 Forced-Warm-Air Heating Systems 130 Planning a Forced-Warm-Air Heating System 131 Perimeter-Loop Warm-Air Heating Systems 132 Ceiling Panel Systems 134 Crawl Space Plenum Systems 134 Zoning a Forced-Warm-Air Heating System 136 Balancing a Warm-Air Heating System 136 Warm-Air Furnaces 137 Control Components 138 Ducts and Duct Sizing 139 Cooling with a Warm-Air Heating System 140 Air Cleaning 141 Humidifiers and Dehumidifiers 142 Advantages of a Warm-Air Heating System 144 Disadvantages of a Warm-Air Heating System 146 Troubleshooting a Warm-Air Heating System 146 Chapter 7 Hydronic Heating Systems 149 Classifying Hot-Water Heating Systems 149 One-Pipe System 150 Series-Loop System 152 Two-Pipe, Direct-Return System 153 Two-Pipe, Reverse-Return System 154 Combination Pipe Systems 155 Zoning a Two-Pipe System 155 Radiant Panel Heating 155 Other Applications 156 Gravity Hot-Water Heating Systems 157 Forced-Hot-Water Heating Systems 163 Hot-Water Boilers 164 Hydronic Furnaces 165 Combination Water Heaters 168 Control Components 169 Pipe and Pipe Sizing 170 Expansion Tanks 171 Circulating Pumps (Circulators) 173 Drainage 175 Heat-Emitting Units 175 Air Conditioning 176 Moisture Control 179 Electrically Heated Systems 179 Advantages of Hydronic Heating Systems 182 Disadvantages of Hydronic Heating Systems 182 Troubleshooting Hydronic Heating Systems 183 Chapter 8 Steam Heating Systems 185 Classifying Steam Heating Systems 185 Gravity Steam Heating Systems 186 One-Pipe, Reverse-Flow System 189 Upfeed One-Pipe System 190 Upfeed One-Pipe Relief System 192 Downfeed One-Pipe System 196 One-Pipe Circuit System 198 One-Pipe, Divided-Circuit Nonrelief System 200 One-Pipe Circuit System with Loop 200 Two-Pipe Steam Heating Systems 201 Two-Pipe, Divided-Circuit System 201 Vapor Steam Heating Systems 202 Open (Atmospheric) Vapor Systems 204 Closed Vapor Systems 209 Vacuum Steam Heating Systems 210 Natural Vacuum Systems 214 Mechanical Vacuum System 219 Combined Atmospheric Pressure and Vacuum Systems 221 Exhaust-Steam Heating 223 Proprietary Systems 228 High-Pressure Steam Heating Systems 242 Steam Boilers 244 Control Components 246 Hartford Return Connection 247 Pipes and Piping Details 248 Steam Traps 248 Pumps 249 Heat-Emitting Units 249 Air Supply and Venting 249 Unit Heaters 250 Air Conditioning 250 Troubleshooting Steam Heating Systems 251 Chapter 9 Electric Heating Systems 253 Central Hot-Water Systems 253 Central Forced-Warm-Air Heating Systems 256 Radiant Heating Systems 258 Baseboard Heating Systems 259 Electric Unit Ventilators 261 Electric Unit Heaters 262 Electric Space Heaters 263 Heat Pumps 263 Electric Heating and Cooling Controls 264 Insulation for Electrically Heated and Cooled Structures 265 Further Information 269 Advantages of Electric Heating and Cooling 269 Disadvantages of Electric Heating and Cooling 270 Troubleshooting Electric Heating Systems 270 Chapter 10 Furnace Fundamentals 273 Classifying Furnaces 273 Upflow Highboy Furnace 275 Upflow Lowboy Furnace 276 Downflow Furnace 276 Horizontal Furnace 278 Gravity Warm-Air Furnaces 279 Selecting a Furnace for a New House 279 Selecting a Furnace for an Older House 282 Furnace Components and Controls 282 Pipeless Floor and Wall Furnaces 285 Duct Furnaces 286 Geothermal Furnaces 286 Furnace Installation 288 Furnace Maintenance 288 Troubleshooting Furnaces 289 Chapter 11 Gas Furnaces 291 Types of Gas Furnaces 291 Standing-Pilot Gas Furnaces 294 Mid-Efficiency Gas Furnaces 295 High-Efficiency Gas Furnaces 297 Gas Furnace Components 299 Furnace Controls 300 Heat Exchanger 305 Gas Burners 308 Gas Pilot Assembly 311 Blower and Motor 313 Air Filter 313 Some Installation Recommendations 316 Locations and Clearances 317 Wiring 318 Duct Connections 320 Ventilation and Combustion Air 321 Venting 323 Flue Pipe 326 Chimney 330 Chimney Troubleshooting 331 Draft Hood 331 Pilot Burner Adjustment 337 Gas Input Adjustment 337 High-Altitude Adjustment 340 Changing Burner Orifices 340 Manifold Pressure Adjustment 342 Combustion Air Adjustment 343 Gas Supply Piping 346 Sizing Gas Piping 348 Installing Gas Piping 349 Typical Startup Instructions for a Standing-Pilot Gas Furnace 350 Typical Startup Instructions for an Electronic Ignition Furnace 352 Blowers and Motors 353 Air Delivery and Blower Adjustment 354 Direct-Drive Blower Adjustment 355 Belt-Drive Blower Adjustment 355 Air Filters 356 Air Conditioning 357 Installation Checklist 360 Gas Furnace Inspections, Service, and Maintenance Tips 361 Troubleshooting a Gas Furnace 363 Troubleshooting Charts 368 Chapter 12 Oil Furnaces 375 Conventional Oil Furnace 375 Mid-Efficiency and High-Efficiency Oil Furnaces 378 Mid-Efficiency (Noncondensing) Oil Furnace 379 High-Efficiency (Condensing) Oil Furnace 379 Basic Components of an Oil Furnace 382 Furnace Controls 382 Heat Exchanger 386 Oil Burner Assembly 388 Fuel Pump and Fuel Pump Motor 389 Blower and Motor 390 Combustion Air Blowers 392 Cleanout and Observation Ports 392 Vent Opening 392 Air Filter 392 Installing an Oil Furnace 393 Some Installation Recommendations 393 Location and Clearance 393 Wiring 394 Duct Connections 395 Ventilation and Combustion Air 395 Combustion Draft 397 Venting 397 Chimneys and Chimney Troubleshooting 399 Installation.