Preface xiii Definition of Terms xv 1 Watersheds, Hydrologic Processes, and Pathways 3 1 Introduction 7 Overview 7 Watersheds 10 Integrated Watershed Management 12 Sustainable Use and Development of Natural Resources 14 Watersheds, Ecosystem Management, and Cumulative Effects 20 Reconciling Watershed and Political Boundaries 21 Summary and Learning Points 24 References 24 Webliography 26 2 Hydrologic Cycle and the Water Budget 27 Introduction 27 Properties of Water 27 The Hydrologic Cycle 30 Energy and the Hydrologic Cycle 38 Water Flow in Soil 43 Water Flow on Land and in Stream Channels 47 Summary and Learning Points 47 References 48 3 Precipitation 49 Introduction 49 Precipitation Process 50 Rainfall 53 Snowfall 63 Summary and Learning Points 78 References 78 Webliography 79 4 Evaporation, Interception, and Transpiration 81 Introduction 81 The Evaporation Process 82 Evaporation from Water Bodies 83 Evaporation from Soil Surfaces 85 Interception 85 Transpiration 92 Potential Evapotranspiration 103 Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration 105 Summary and Learning Points 109 References 110 5 Infiltration, Pathways of Water Flow, and Recharge 113 Introduction 113 Infiltration 113 Pathways of Water Flow 125 Summary and Learning Points 138 References 138 6 Streamflow Measurement and Analysis 141 Introduction 141 Measurement of Streamflow 141 Methods for Estimating Streamflow Characteristics 148 Summary and Learning Points 170 References 171 Webliography 172 7 Groundwater and Groundwater-Surface Water Exchange 173 Introduction 173 Groundwater 174 Groundwater-Surface Water Exchanges 187 Summary and Learning Points 193 References 194 Webliography 195 2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Linkages of Water Flow 197 8 Soil Erosion Processes and Control 199 Introduction 199 Surface Soil Erosion 199 Erosion from Gullies and Ravines 221 Soil Mass Movement 230 Summary and Learning Points 237 References 238 Webliography 241 9 Sediment Supply, Transport, and Yield 243 Introduction 243 Sediment Supply and Transport 244 Measurement of Sediment 255 Sediment Yield 258 Cumulative Watershed Effects on Sediment Yield 260 Summary and Learning Points 263 References 264 10 Fluvial Processes and Implications for Stream Management 267 Introduction 267 Fluvial Geomorphology 268 Valley and Stream Evaluation and Classification 272 Stream Classification 285 Summary and Learning Points 293 References 293 Webliography 295 11 Water-Quality Characteristics 297 Introduction 297 Chemistry of Precipitation 298 Physical Characteristics of Surface Water 300 Dissolved Chemical Constituents 311 Biological Characteristics 319 Groundwater Quality 323 Cumulative Effects 324 Summary and Learning Points 325 References 326 Webliography 328 3 Integrated Watershed Management 329 12 Managing Wildland Watersheds 333 Introduction 333 Forests 333 Woodlands 364 Rangelands 367 Upland-Downstream Considerations 371 Cumulative Watershed Effects 377 Summary and Learning Points 379 References 380 Webliography 387 13 Managing Riparian Communities and Wetlands 389 Introduction 389 Riparian Communities 389 Wetlands 401 Cumulative Effects 422 Summary and Learning Points 422 References 423 14 Watershed Management Issues 427 Introduction 427 Fragmentation of Watershed Landscapes 427 Water Harvesting 439 Best Management Practices 442 Regulatory Compliance 446 Climatic Variability 451 Insufficient Information for Decision Making 455 Summary and Learning Points 456 References 458 Webliography 461 15 Socioeconomic Considerations in Integrated Watershed Management 463 Introduction 463 Policies and Policy Processes 464 Planning and Implementation 470 Economic Appraisals 475 Summary and Learning Points 486 References 487 16 Tools and Emerging Technologies 489 Introduction 489 Generalized Hydrologic Simulation Models 490 Technologically Advanced Tools 495 Using the Stable Isotopes of Hydrogen and Oxygen 500 Summary and Learning Points 507 References 508 Webliography 511 Appendix: Units Commonly Used in Hydrologic Work, USA 513 Index 517 Color plates appear between pages 512 and 513.