Introduction Introduction Statistical Methods in Medical Test Accuracy Datasets for This Book Software Bayesian Approach References Medical Tests and Preliminary Information Introduction Medical Imaging Tests Other Medical Tests Activities Involved in Medical Testing Accuracy and Agreement Developmental Trials for Medical Devices Literature References Preview of the Book Introduction Preliminary Information Fundamentals of Test Accuracy Advanced Methods for Test Accuracy References Fundamentals of Diagnostic Accuracy Introduction Study Design Bayesian Methods for Test Accuracy: Binary and Ordinal Data Clustered Data: Detection and Localization Comparing Accuracy between Modalities with Ordinal Scores Exercises References Regression and Medical Test Accuracy Introduction Audiology Study Receiver Operating Characteristic Area and Patient Covariates Regression Methods for Continuous Test Scores Exercises References Agreement and Test Accuracy Introduction Ordinal Scores with a Gold Standard Continuous Scores with a Gold Standard Agreement with Ordinal Scores and No Gold Standard Other Measures of Agreement Agreement and Test Accuracy Kappa and Association Consensus Agreement with Multiple Raters and Ordinal Scores--No Gold Standard Conclusions for Agreement and Accuracy Exercises References Estimating Test Accuracy with an Imperfect Reference Standard Introduction Two Binary Tests Posterior Distribution for Two Binary Tests Posterior Distribution without Conditional Independence Posterior Distribution Assuming Conditional Independence Example of Accuracy for Diagnosing a Bacterial Infection Accuracies of Two Binary Tests for Several Populations with Conditional Independence Accuracies of Two Binary Tests without Conditional Independence: Two Populations Multiple Tests in a Single Population Multiple Tests without Conditional Independence Two Ordinal Tests and the Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Exercises References Verification Bias and Test Accuracy Introduction Verification Bias and Binary Tests Two Binary Tests Ordinal Tests and Verification Bias Two Ordinal Tests and Verification Bias Two Ordinal Tests and Covariates Inverse Probability Weighting Without the Missing at Random Assumption One Ordinal Test and the Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Comments and Conclusions Exercises References Test Accuracy and Medical Practice Introduction Choice of Optimal Threshold Test Accuracy with Bayesian Decision Curves Test Accuracy and Clinical Trials Summary and Conclusions Exercises References Accuracy of Combined Tests Introduction Two Binary Tests Two Binary Tests and Several Readers Accuracy of Combined Binary Tests with Verification Bias Likelihood Ratio, the Risk Score, the Neyman-Pearson Lemma, and the Accuracy of Multiple Ordinal Tests Accuracy of the Combined Test for Continuous Scores Observations and Conclusions Exercises References Bayesian Methods for Meta-Analysis Introduction Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve and Bilogistic Regression Bayesian Analysis for Summary Accuracy Meta-Analysis with Two Tests Meta-Analysis with Study Covariates and One Test Meta-Analysis with Covariates for Several Tests Other Meta-Analyses Comments and Conclusions Exercises References Appendix: Introduction to WinBUGS Introduction Download Essentials Output Another Example Summary References nd Ordinal Data Clustered Data: Detection and Localization Comparing Accuracy between Modalities with Ordinal Scores Exercises References Regression and Medical Test Accuracy Introduction Audiology Study Receiver Operating Characteristic Area and Patient Covariates Regression Methods for Continuous Test Scores Exercises References Agreement and Test Accuracy Introduction Ordinal Scores with a Gold Standard Continuous Scores with a Gold Standard Agreement with Ordinal Scores and No Gold Standard Other Measures of Agreement Agreement and Test Accuracy Kappa and Association Consensus Agreement with Multiple Raters and Ordinal Scores--No Gold Standard Conclusions for Agreement and Accuracy Exercises References Estimating Test Accuracy with an Imperfect Reference Standard Introduction Two Binary Tests Posterior Distribution for Two Binary Tests Posterior Distribution without Conditional Independence Posterior Distribution Assuming Conditional Independence Example of Accuracy for Diagnosing a Bacterial Infection Accuracies of Two Binary Tests for Several Populations with Conditional Independence Accuracies of Two Binary Tests without Conditional Independence: Two Populations Multiple Tests in a Single Population Multiple Tests without Conditional Independence Two Ordinal Tests and the Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Exercises References Verification Bias and Test Accuracy Introduction Verification Bias and Binary Tests Two Binary Tests Ordinal Tests and Verification Bias Two Ordinal Tests and Verification Bias Two Ordinal Tests and Covariates Inverse Probability Weighting Without the Missing at Random Assumption One Ordinal Test and the Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Comments and Conclusions Exercises References Test Accuracy and Medical Practice Introduction Choice of Optimal Threshold Test Accuracy with Bayesian Decision Curves Test Accuracy and Clinical Trials Summary and Conclusions Exercises References Accuracy of Combined Tests Introduction Two Binary Tests Two Binary Tests and Several Readers Accuracy of Combined Binary Tests with Verification Bias Likelihood Ratio, the Risk Score, the Neyman-Pearson Lemma, and the Accuracy of Multiple Ordinal Tests Accuracy of the Combined Test for Continuous Scores Observations and Conclusions Exercises References Bayesian Methods for Meta-Analysis Introduction Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve and Bilogistic Regression Bayesian Analysis for Summary Accuracy Meta-Analysis with Two Tests Meta-Analysis with Study Covariates and One Test Meta-Analysis with Covariates for Several Tests Other Meta-Analyses Comments and Conclusions Exercises References Appendix: Introduction to WinBUGS Introduction Download Essentials Output Another Example Summary Referencesxercises References Estimating Test Accuracy with an Imperfect Reference Standard Introduction Two Binary Tests Posterior Distribution for Two Binary Tests Posterior Distribution without Conditional Independence Posterior Distribution Assuming Conditional Independence Example of Accuracy for Diagnosing a Bacterial Infection Accuracies of Two Binary Tests for Several Populations with Conditional Independence Accuracies of Two Binary Tests without Conditional Independence: Two Populations Multiple Tests in a Single Population Multiple Tests without Conditional Independence Two Ordinal Tests and the Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Exercises References Verification Bias and Test Accuracy Introduction Verification Bias and Binary Tests Two Binary Tests Ordinal Tests and Verification Bias Two Ordinal Tests and Verification Bias Two Ordinal Tests and Covariates Inverse Probability Weighting Without the Missing at Random Assumption One Ordinal Test and the Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Comments and Conclusions Exercises References Test Accuracy and Medical Practice Introduction Choice of Optimal Threshold Test Accuracy with Bayesian Decision Curves Test Accuracy and Clinical Trials Summary and Conclusions Exercises References Accuracy of Combined Tests Introduction Two Binary Tests Two Binary Tests and Several Readers Accuracy of Combined Binary Tests with Verification Bias Likelihood Ratio, the Risk Score, the Neyman-Pearson Lemma, and the Accuracy of Multiple Ordinal Tests Accuracy of the Combined Test for Continuous Scores Observations and Conclusions Exercises References Bayesian Methods for Meta-Analysis Introduction Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve and Bilogistic Regression Bayesian Analysis for Summary Accuracy Meta-Analysis with Two Tests Meta-Analysis with Study Covariates and One Test Meta-Analysis with Covariates for Several Tests Other Meta-Analyses Comments and Conclusions Exercises References Appendix: Introduction to WinBUGS Introduction Download Essentials Output Another Example Summary ReferencesTest.