1 Introduction 2 1.1 End-to-End Satellite Communications System 2 1.2 What the Book Is About 3 1.3 Channel and Channel Sharing 3 1.4 Payload 4 1.5 Ground Transmitter and Ground Receiver 7 1.6 System 8 1.7 Conventions 8 1.

8 Book Sources 9 1.9 Summary of Rest of Book 10 References 12 PART I. PAYLOAD 2 2 Payload''s On-Orbit Environment 2 2.1 What Determines Environment 2 2.2 On-Orbit Environment and Mitigation by Spacecraft Bus 8 2.3 General Effects of Mitigated Environment on Payload 19 References 24 3 Antenna Basics and Single-Beam Antenna 2 3.1 Introduction 2 3.2 Examples of Single-Beam Antenna 2 3.

3 General Antenna Concepts 3 3.4 Reflector-Antenna Basics 9 3.5 Steerable Single-Beam Antennas 15 3.6 Reflector Technology for Single-Beam Antennas 16 3.7 Horn for Single-Beam Antennas 17 3.8 Other Antenna Components 20 3.9 Antenna Pointing Error 24 3.10 Antenna Autotrack 26 3.

11 Reflector-Antenna Inefficiencies 28 3.12 Testing 32 References 35 4 Payload-Integration Elements 2 4.1 Introduction 2 4.2 Coaxial Cable vs. Waveguide 2 4.3 Coaxial Cable 2 4.4 Waveguide 7 4.5 Other Integration Elements 13 4.

6 Redundancy Configurations 17 4.7 Impedance Mismatch and Scattering Parameters 21 References 26 5 Microwave Filter 2 5.1 Introduction 2 5.2 Basics of Analog Filters 2 5.3 Basics of Specifically Microwave Filters 7 5.4 Technology for Bandpass Filters 13 5.5 Filter Units 17 5.6 Bandpass Filter Specification 23 References 24 6 Low-Noise Amplifier and Frequency Converter 2 6.

1 Introduction 2 6.2 LNAs and Frequency Converters in Payload 2 6.3 Nonlinearity of LNA and Frequency Converter 4 6.4 Noise Figure 8 6.5 Low-Noise Amplifier 8 6.6 Frequency Converter 11 6.7 Receiver 23 6.A Appendix.

Formula for Integrating Phase Noise Spectrum 24 References 24 7 Preamplifier and High-Power Amplifier 2 7.1 Introduction 2 7.2 HPA Concepts and Terms 2 7.3 Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifier vs. Solid-State Power Amplifier 7 7.4 Traveling-Wave Tube Subsystem 9 7.5 Solid-State Power Amplifier 26 References 34 8 Payload''s Analog Communications Parameters 2 8.1 Introduction 2 8.

2 Gain Variation with Frequency 4 8.3 Phase Variation with Frequency 7 8.4 Channel Bandwidth 9 8.5 Phase Noise 10 8.6 Frequency Stability 10 8.7 Spurious Signals from Frequency Converter 10 8.8 HPA Nonlinearity 11 8.9 Near-Carrier Spurious Signals from HPA Subsystem 12 8.

10 Stability of Gain and Power-Out 13 8.11 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power 14 8.12 Figure of Merit G/Ts 15 8.13 Saturation Flux Density 17 8.14 Self-Interference 17 8.15 Passive Intermodulation Products 19 8.A Appendices 20 References 21 9 More Analyses for Payload Development 2 9.1 Introduction 2 9.

2 How to Deal with Noise Figure 2 9.3 How to Make and Maintain Payload Performance Budgets 4 9.4 HPA Topics 16 9.5 What Nonlinearity Does to Modulated Signal 20 9.6 Simulating Payload Performance as a Function of Gaussian Random Variables 24 References 24 10 Processing Payload and Flexible Payload 2 10.1 Introduction 2 10.2 Processing Operations 7 10.3 Non-Regenerative Processing Payloads 13 10.

4 Regenerative Payloads 16 10.5 Communications Parameters of Digital Processing Payload 20 References 20 11 Multi-Beam Antenna and Phased Array 2 11.1 Introduction 2 11.2 MBA Introduction 3 11.3 Reflector for MBA or Contoured Beam and Configuration of Feeds 6 11.4 Horn and Feed Assembly for GEO 11 11.5 Location of Radiating Elements in Offset-Fed Reflector MBA 16 11.6 Single-Feed-Per-Beam MBA 19 11.

7 Phased Array Introduction 20 11.8 Radiating Element of Phased Array 23 11.9 Beam-Forming Network 27 11.10 Applications of Phased Array 30 11.11 Beam-Hopping 32 11.12 Amplification of Phased Array 33 11.13 Phased Array Pointing Error 39 11.14 Mutual Coupling in Radiating-Element Cluster 40 11.

15 Testing MBA 41 References 42 PART II. END-TO-END SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM 2 12 Digital Communications Theory 2 12.1 Introduction 2 12.2 Signal Representation 2 12.3 Filtering in General 7 12.4 White Gaussian Noise 8 12.5 End-to-End Communications System 9 12.6 Bit Manipulation 10 12.

7 Modulation Introduction 14 12.8 Memoryless Modulation 14 12.9 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation 22 12.10 Demodulation for Memoryless Modulation 23 12.11 Modulation with Memory 32 12.12 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Estimation 34 12.13 Demodulation for Modulation with Memory 34 12.14 Bit Recovery 35 12.

15 Inter-Symbol Interference 36 12.16 SNR, Es/N0, and Eb/N0 39 12.A Appendix. Sketch of Proof That Pulse Transform and Signal Spectrum Are Related for Memoryless Modulation 41 References 42 13 Satellite Communications Standards 2 13.1 Introduction 2 13.2 Background 2 13.3 Application Examples of First-Generation Standards 6 13.4 Second-Generation DVB Communications Standards 8 13.

5 Satmode Communications Standard 15 References 16 14 Communications Link 2 14.1 Introduction 2 14.2 Primary Information Sources 2 14.3 Link Availability 3 14.4 Signal Power on Link 4 14.5 Noise Level on Link 18 14.6 Interference on Link 19 14.7 End-to-End C/(N0 + I0) 29 14.

8 Link Budget 30 14.9 Implementation Loss Item in Link Budget 32 References 32 15 Probabilistic Treatment of Downlink Margin for Multi-Beam Payload 2 15.1 Introduction 2 15.2 Multi-Beam-Downlink Payload Specifications 2 15.3 Analysis Method 3 15.4 Analysis Assumptions 4 15.5 Repeater-Caused Variation of C and C/Iself and Nominal Value 5 15.6 Combining Antenna-Caused Variation and Nominal Value into Repeater-Caused Variation 11 15.

7 Combining Atmosphere-Caused Variation into Payload-Caused Variation 14 15.8 Optimizing Multi-Beam-Downlink Payload Specified on Link Availability 15 15.A Appendix. Iteration Details for Optimizing Multi-Beam Payload Specified on Link Availability 16 16 Model of End-to-End Communications System 2 16.1 Introduction 2 16.2 Considerations for Both Software Simulation and Hardware Emulation 2 16.3 Additional Considerations for Simulation 6 16.4 Additional Considerations for Emulation 15 References 18 PART III.

SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 2 17 Fixed and Broadcast Satellite Services 2 17.1 Introduction 2 17.2 Satellite Television 2 17.3 Regulations in General 4 17.4 Fixed Satellite Service 4 17.5 Broadcast Satellite Service 13 References 17 18 High-Throughput Satellites 2 18.1 Introduction 2 18.2 Frequency and Bandwidth 4 18.

3 Residential Internet HTS 6 18.4 Commercial Communications HTS 13 References 15 19 Non-Geostationary Satellite Systems 2 19.1 Introduction 2 19.2 Iridium 3 19.3 Globalstar 9 19.5 O3b 14 19.6 OneWeb 21 19.7 Starlink 26 19.

8 Telesat LEO 32 References 33 20 Mobile Satellite Systems 2 20.1 Introduction 2 20.2 Thuraya 5 20.3 Inmarsat-4 and Alphasat 12 20.4 TerreStar/EchoStar XXI 27 20.5 SkyTerra 35 20.6 Inmarsat-5 (Global Xpress) F1-F4 44 References 53.