True heraldry, that is, "the systematic use of hereditary devices centred on the shield," is known to have existed as early as the second quarter of the twelfth century. Until recently, its expansion throughout Europe had been studied chiefly on the basis of the depiction on seals, manuscripts, sculpture, and other comparable surfaces with relatively little scholarly attention being accorded to blazon, the manner of describing coats of arms. The present volume is outgrowth of the author's Early Blazon (published at the Clarendon Press, Oxford University), a study of the language of heraldry as it is recorded in the earliest blazoned rolls of arms--lists of names accompanied by descriptions of armorial bearings--and in contemporary sources. The rolls, which are reproduced in the original French, provide valuable data, often available nowhere else, about the great men of the Middle Ages and they are an essential source of information for the study of heraldry as well as genealogy, language, and social history.