INTRODUCTION ix CHAPTER 1. SAFETY MANAGEMENT 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Dependability 1 1.3. Conclusion 8 1.

4. Bibliography 8 CHAPTER 2. FROM SYSTEM TO SOFTWARE 9 2.1. Introduction 9 2.2. Systems of command and control 10 2.3 System 13 2.

4 Software implementation 14 2.5. Conclusion 16 2.6. Bibliography 17 2.7. Glossary 17 CHAPTER 3. CERTIFIABLE SYSTEMS 19 3.

1. Introduction 19 3.2. Normative context 20 3.3. Conclusion 37 3.4. Bibliography 38 3.

5. Glossary 41 CHAPTER 4. RISK AND SAFETY LEVELS 43 4.1. Introduction 43 4.2. Basic definitions 43 4.3.

Safety implementation 48 4.4. In standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 70 4.5. Conclusions 74 4.6. Bibliography 74 4.7.

Acronyms 77 CHAPTER 5. PRINCIPLES OF HARDWARE SAFETY 79 5.1. Introduction 79 5.2. Safe and/or available hardware 79 5.3. Reset of a processing unit 80 5.

4. Presentation of safety control techniques 81 5.5. Conclusion 117 5.6. Bibliography 118 5.7. Glossary 119 CHAPTER 6.

PRINCIPLES OF SOFTWARE SAFETY 121 6.1. Introduction 121 6.2. Techniques to make software application safe 121 6.3. Other forms of diversification 149 6.4.

Overall summary 150 6.5. Quality management 150 6.6. Conclusion 155 6.7. Bibliography 156 6.8.

Glossary 157 CHAPTER 7. CERTIFICATION 159 7.1. Introduction 159 7.2. Independent assessment 159 7.3. Certification 160 7.

4. Certification in the rail sector 161 7.5. Automatic systems 171 7.6. Aircraft 171 7.7. Nuclear 171 7.

8. Automotive 172 7.9. Spacecraft 172 7.10 Safety case 172 7.11 Conclusion 173 7.12 Bibliography 174 7.13 Glossary 176 CONCLUSION 177 INDEX 179.