Preface xi Chapter 1 Physical Properties of Colors 1 A What this Book is about? 1 B The Spectrum and Wave Theory 2 C Light Sources 3 D Conventional Materials 5 Transmission 5 Absorption 6 Surface Scattering 7 Internal Scattering 7 Terminology - Dyes Versus Pigments 10 Spectral Characteristics of Conventional Materials 12 E Fluorescent Materials 12 F Gonioapparent Materials 14 Metallic Materials 14 Pearlescent Materials 14 Interference Materials 15 Diffraction Materials 16 G Photochromic and Thermochromic Colorants 16 H Summary 16 Chapter 2 Color and Spatial Vision 17 A Trichromacy 17 B Light and Chromatic adaptation 21 C Compression 23 D Opponency 23 E Spatial Vision 26 F Observer variability 29 G Summary 34 Chapter 3 Visual Color Specification 37 A One-Dimensional Scales 37 Hue 37 Lightness 38 Chromatic Intensity 39 B Three-Dimensional Systems 39 Geometries 39 Natural Color System 40 Munsell Color System 42 Other Color-Order Systems 46 C Color Appearance: Multidimensional systems 46 D Color-Mixing systems 47 RGB and HSB 47 The Pantone Matching System 48 Limitations of Color-Mixing Systems for Color Specification 49 E Summary 49 Chapter 4 Numerical Color Specification: Colorimetry 51 A Color Matching 51 B Derivation of the Standard observers 53 Theoretical Considerations 53 The Color-Matching Experiment 54 The 1924 CIE Standard Photopic Observer 57 The 1931 CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer 58 The 1964 CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer 61 Cone-Fundamental-Based Colorimetric Observers 62 C Calculating Tristimulus values for Materials 62 D Chromaticity Coordinates and the Chromaticity diagram 63 E Calculating Tristimulus values and Chromaticity Coordinates for sources 67 F Transformation of Primaries 68 Displays 68 Cone Fundamentals 71 G Approximately Uniformly Spaced Systems 71 L * Lightness 72 u ' v ' Uniform-Chromaticity Scale Diagram 72 Cieluv 73 Cielab 74 Rotation of CIELAB Coordinates 75 H Color-appearance models 78 I Whiteness and Yellowness 83 Whiteness 83 Yellowness 84 J Summary 84 Chapter 5 Color-Quality Specification 85 A Perceptibility and Acceptability Visual Judgments 85 B Color-Difference Geometry 86 C Ellipses and Ellipsoids 89 D The Color-Difference Problem 92 E Weighted Color-Difference Formulas 96 F CMC(L:C) Color-Difference Formula 99 G Ciede2000 Color-Difference Formula 100 H Uniform Color-Difference Spaces 105 I Determining Color-Tolerance Magnitude 106 J Summary 110 Chapter 6 Color and Material-Appearance Measurement 111 A Basic Principles of Measuring Color and Material Appearance 111 B The Sample 112 C Visual Color Measurement 113 D Measurement geometries 114 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function 115 CIE Recommended Geometries for Measuring Spectral Reflectance Factor 115 CIE Recommended Geometries for Measuring Spectral Transmittance Factor 118 Multiangle Geometries 118 E Spectrophotometry 119 F Spectroradiometry 121 G Fluorescence Measurements 122 H Precision and Accuracy Measurements 124 Repeatability 125 Intramodel Reproducibility 127 Accuracy 128 I spectral Imaging 134 J Material-Appearance Measurements 137 Gloss 137 Microstructure - Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function 137 Macrostructure 142 Sparkle and Graininess 143 K Summary 144 Chapter 7 Lighting 145 A Standard Illuminants 145 B Luminance Illuminance and Luminous Efficacy 148 C Correlated Color Temperature 149 D Color Rendition 150 E Summary 155 Chapter 8 Metamerism and Color Inconstancy 157 A Metamerism Terminology 157 B Producing Metamers 158 C Indices of Metamerism 160 Special Index of Metamerism 160 General Index of Metamerism 162 Using Indices of Metamerism 163 D Color Inconstancy and Indices of Color Inconstancy 164 E Summary 168 Chapter 9 Optical Modeling of Colored Materials 169 A Generic Approach to Color Modeling 169 B Modeling Transparent Materials 171 C Modeling Opaque Materials 174 Opaque Paints 176 Opaque Textiles 181 D Modeling Gonioapparent Materials 184 E Color-Formulation Software 184 F Summary 188 Chapter 10 Color Imaging 189 A Analysis and Synthesis 190 B Color Management 191 C Additive versus Subtractive Mixing 195 D Displays and Encoding 198 E Printing 204 F Digital Cameras 212 Colorimetric Accuracy 213 Spectral Accuracy 217 G Spectral Color Reproduction 219 H Summary 219 Bibliography 221 Annotated Bibliography 237 Recommended Books 243 Index 247.