Map of Vietnam, 1902 ii Preface vii Acknowledgements xi Introduction: Colonization and the Camera 1 Chapter 1 The Earliest Photographs of Vietnam and the Vietnamese 11 Chapter 2 Commercial Studios (1860s-1870s) 44 Chapter 3 Émile Gsell (1838-1879): Celebrated Photographer of Nineteenth-Century Vietnam 60 Chapter 4 Commercial Studios (1880s-1890s) 100 Chapter 5 Charles-Édouard Hocquard (1853-1911): Photographer of the 1884-5 SinoFrench War 154 Chapter 6 Selection of Twentieth-Century Photographers 175 Chronology of Photography in Vietnam (1845-1954) 259 Appendix 1 Index of Photographers and Studios in Vietnam (1845-1954) 273 Appendix 2 Number Lists: Raphael Moreau and Émile Gsell 280 Appendix 3 Postcards 292 Appendix 4 Royal Photographic Portraits 302 Appendix 5 Cartes de Visite and Cabinet Cards 323 EARLY PHOTOGRAPHY IN VIETNAM vi Appendix 6 1863 Vietnamese Embassy to France 386 Photographic Terms 399 Select Bibliography 403.