Why Eat? Objectives The Need for Energy Metabolic Fuels Hunger and Appetite Key points Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways Objectives Chemical reactions: Breaking and Making Covalent Bonds Enzymes Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Coenzymes and Prosthetic Groups The Classification and Naming of Enzymes Metabolic Pathways Enzymes in Clinical Chemistry and Medicine Key points The Role of ATP in Metabolism Objectives The Adenine Nucleotides Functions of ATP Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP Key points Digestion and Absorption Objectives The Gastrointestinal Tract Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates Digestion and Absorption of Fats Digestion and Absorption of Proteins The Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals Key points Energy Nutrition-the Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Fats Objectives Estimation of Energy Expenditure Energy Balance and Changes in Body Weight Metabolic Fuels in the Fed and Fasting States Energy-Yielding Metabolism The Metabolism of Fats Tissue Reserves of Metabolic Fuels Gluconeogenesis-the Synthesis of Glucose from Noncarbohydrate Precursors Key points Diet and Health-Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Objectives Chronic Diseases (the "Diseases of Affluence") Types of Evidence Linking Diet and Chronic Diseases Guidelines for a Prudent Diet Nutritional Genomics: Interactions between Diet and Genes Free Radicals, Oxidative Damage, and Antioxidant Nutrients Other Protective Compounds in Foods Key points Overweight and Obesity Objectives Desirable Body Weight The Problems of Overweight and Obesity The Causes and Treatment of Obesity Key points Protein-Energy Malnutrition-Problems of Undernutrition Objectives Problems of Deficiency Protein-Energy Malnutrition Marasmus Cachexia Kwashiorkor Key points Protein Nutrition and Metabolism Objectives Nitrogen Balance and Protein Requirements Protein Synthesis The Metabolism of Amino Acids Key points The Integration and Control of Metabolism Objectives Patterns of Metabolic Regulation Intracellular Regulation of Enzyme Activity Responses to Fast-acting Hormones by Covalent Modification of Enzyme Proteins Slow-acting Hormones: Changes in Enzyme Synthesis Hormonal Control in the Fed and Fasting States Selection of Fuel for Muscle Activity Diabetes mellitus-a Failure of Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentration Key points Micronutrients-the Vitamins and Minerals Objectives The Determination of Requirements and Intakes Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B1 (thiamin) Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Niacin Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Folic acid Biotin Pantothenic acid Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Minerals Key points Appendix Glossary.