Preface PART I Moral Foundations 1. Moral Norms Normative and Nonnormative Ethics The Common Morality as Universal Morality Particular Moralities as Nonuniversal Moral Dilemmas A Framework of Moral Principles Conflicting Moral Norms Conclusion 2. Moral Character The Concept of Moral Virtue Virtues in Professional Roles The Central Virtue of Caring Five Focal Virtues Moral Ideals Moral Excellence Conclusion 3. Moral Status The Problem of Moral Status Theories of Moral Status From Theories to Practical Guidelines The Moral Significance of Moral Status Vulnerable Populations and Vulnerable Individuals Conclusion PART II Moral Principles 4. Respect for Autonomy The Concept of Autonomy and the Principle of Respect for Autonomy The Capacity for Autonomous Choice The Meaning and Justification of Informed Consent Disclosure Understanding Voluntariness Decision Making for Nonautonomous Patients Conclusion 5. Nonmaleficence The Concept and Principle of Nonmaleficence Distinctions and Rules Governing Nontreatment Decisions Optional Treatments and Obligatory Treatments Killing and Letting Die Intentionally Arranged Deaths: When, If Ever, Are They Justified? Protecting Incompetent Patients from Harm Whose Risks and Whose Benefits? Problems of Underprotection and Overprotection in Research Conclusion 6. Beneficence The Concept of Beneficence and Principles of Beneficence Obligatory Beneficence and Ideal Beneficence Paternalism: Conflicts between Beneficence and Respect for Autonomy Balancing Benefits, Costs, and Risks The Value and Quality of Life Conclusion 7. Justice The Concept of Justice and Principles of Justice Traditional Theories of Justice Two Theories Closely Connected to the Value of Health Fair Opportunity and Unfair Discrimination Vulnerability, Exploitation, and Discrimination in Research National Health Policy and the Right to Health Care Global Health Policy and the Right to Health Allocating, Setting Priorities, and Rationing Conclusion 8.

Professional-Patient Relationships Veracity Privacy Confidentiality Fidelity The Distinction between Clinical Ethics and Research Ethics Conclusion PART III Theory and Method 9. Moral Theories Criteria for Assessing Moral Theories Utilitarian Theory Kantian Theory Rights Theory Virtue Theory Convergence of Theories Conclusion 10. Method and Moral Justification Justification in Ethics Top-Down Models: Theory and Application Bottom-Up Models: Cases and Analogical Reasoning An Integrated Model: Reflective Equilibrium Common-Morality Theory Conclusion Index.