Contents Preface Chapter 1 Clinical Framework: Basic Terms and Concepts Communication, Speech, and Language Subdivisions of Language Articulation and Speech Sounds: Phonology and Phonemes Articulation Disorders versus Phonological Disorders Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Chapter 2 Phonetics -- Articulatory Phonetics Phonetics: Definitions and Classification Vowels versus Consonants American English Vowels American English Consonants Sounds in Context: Coarticulation and Assimilation Syllable Structure Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Chapter 3 Phonetic Transcription and Diacritics Phonetic Transcription as a Notational System Why Use Phonetic Transcription? Diacritics Diacritics Used with Consonants Diacritics Used with Vowels Diacritics for Stress, Duration, and Syllable Boundaries Clinical Implications Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Chapter 4 Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications Phonology What Is Phonology? How Does Phonology Work? How Did the Concept of the Phoneme Develop? Speech Sound versus Phoneme: Clinical Application Distinctive Feature Theories What Are Distinctive Features? How Do Distinctive Features Work? How Did Distinctive Feature Theories Develop? Distinctive Feature Theories: Clinical Application Generative Phonology What Is Generative Phonology? How Does Generative Phonology Work? How Did Generative Phonology Develop? Distinctive Features and Generative Phonology: Clinical Application Natural Phonology What Is Natural Phonology? How Does Natural Phonology Work? Phonological Processes How Did Natural Phonology Develop? Natural Phonology: Clinical Application Linear versus Nonlinear Phonologies What Are Linear and Nonlinear Phonologies? How Do Nonlinear Phonologies Work? How Did Nonlinear Phonology Develop? Nonlinear Phonologies: Clinical Implications Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Appendix 4.1 Chapter 5 Normal Phonological Development Aspects of Structural and Functional Development Aspects of Perceptual Development Prelinguistic Stages: Before the First Words Vocoids Contoids Syllable Shapes Babbling and Its Relationship to Later Language Development Prosodic Feature Development Transition from Babbling to First Words The First Fifty Words Segmental Form Development Prosodic Feature Development The Preschool Child Segmental Form Development: Vowels Segmental Form Development: Consonants Phonological Processes Prosodic Feature Development English as a Second Language: Considerations for Phonological Development in Children The School-Age Child Segmental Form Development Phonological Awareness, Emerging Literacy, and Phonological Disorders Prosodic Feature Development Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Chapter 6 Appraisal: Collection of Data Evaluation by the Clinician Initial Impression Articulation Tests Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Articulation Tests Factors to Consider When Selecting a Measure of Articulation Assessment Procedures to Supplement Articulation Tests Organizing Articulation Test Results: Describing the Error Stimulability Testing Spontaneous Speech Sample Organizing the Continuous Speech Sample Evaluation of the Speech Mechanism What to Look for When Evaluating the Speech Mechanism Selection of Additional Assessment Measures Hearing Screening Language Testing Specific Auditory Perceptual Testing Cognitive Appraisal Special Considerations The Child with Emerging Phonology The Unintelligible Child Summary of the Data Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Appendix 6.1: Speech-Motor Assessment Screening Form Chapter 7 Dialects and English as a Second Language Dialects Regional Dialects Ethnicity African American Vernacular English The Speaker of English as a Second Language Spanish American English Vietnamese American English Cantonese American English Hmong American English Korean American English Arabic American English Implications for Appraisal Summary