Preface Introduction The multi-disciplinary scope of seismic and rock quality Revealing hidden rock conditions Some basic principles of P, S and Q Q and Q Limitations of refraction seismic bring tomographic solutions Nomenclature PART I 1 Shallow seismic refraction, some basic theory, and the importance of rock type 1.1 The challenge of the near-surface in civil engineering 1.2 Some basic aspects concerning elastic body waves 1.2.1 Some sources of reduced elastic moduli 1.3 Relationships between Vp and Vs and their meaning in field work 1.4 Some advantages of shear waves 1.5 Basic estimation of rock-type and rock mass condition, from shallow seismic P-wave velocity 1.

6 Some preliminary conversions from velocity to rock quality 1.7 Some limitations of the refraction seismic velocity interpretations 1.8 Assumed limitations may hide the strengths of the method 1.9 Seismic quality Q and apparent similarities to Q-rock 2 Environmental effects on velocity 2.1 Density and Vp 2.2 Porosity and Vp 2.3 Uniaxial compressive strength and Vp 2.4 Weathering and moisture content 2.

5 Combined effects of moisture and pressure 2.6 Combined effects of moisture and low temperature 3 Effects of anisotropy on Vp 3.1 An introduction to velocity anisotropy caused by micro-cracks and jointing 3.2 Velocity anisotropy caused by fabric 3.3 Velocity anisotropy caused by rock joints 3.4 Velocity anisotropy caused by interbedding 3.5 Velocity anisotropy caused by faults 4 Cross-hole velocity and cross-hole velocity tomography 4.1 Cross-hole seismic for extrapolation of properties 4.

2 Cross-hole seismic tomography in tunnelling 4.3 Cross-hole tomography in mining 4.4 Using tomography to monitor blasting effects 4.5 Alternative tomograms 4.6 Cross-hole or cross-well reflection measurement and time-lapse tomography 5 Relationships between rock quality, depth and seismic velocity 5.1 Some preliminary relationships between RQD, F, and Vp 5.2 Relationship between rock quality Q and Vp for hard jointed, near-surface rock masses 5.3 Effects of depth or stress on acoustic joint closure, velocities and amplitudes 5.

3.1 Compression wave amplitude sensitivities to jointing 5.3.2 Stress and velocity coupling at the Gj¿vik cavern site 5.4 Observations of effective stress effects on velocities 5.5 Integration of velocity, rock mass quality, porosity, stress, strength, deformability 6 Deformation moduli and seismic velocities 6.1 Correlating Vp with the ¿static¿ moduli from deformation tests 6.2 Dynamic moduli and their relationship to static moduli 6.

3 Some examples of the three dynamic moduli 6.4 Use of shear wave amplitude, frequency and petite-sismique 6.5 Correlation of deformation moduli with RMR and Q 7 Excavation disturbed zones and their seismic properties 7.1 Some effects of the free-surface on velocities and attenuation 7.2 EDZ phenomena around tunnels based on seismic monitoring 7.3 EDZ investigations in selected nuclear waste isolation studies 7.3.1 BWIP ¿ EDZ studies 7.

3.2 URL ¿ EDZ studies 7.3.3 ¿p¿ ¿ EDZ studies 7.3.4 Stripa ¿ effects of heating in the EDZ of a rock mass 7.4 Acoustic detection of stress effects around boreholes 8 Seismic measurements for tunnelling 8.1 Examples of seismic applications in tunnels 8.

2 Examples of the use of seismic data in TBM excavations 8.3 Implications of inverse correlation between TBM advance rate and Vp 8.4 Use of probe drilling and seismic or sonic logging ahead of TBM tunnels 8.5 In-tunnel seismic measurements for looking ahead of the face 8.6 The possible consequences of insufficient seismic investigation due to depth limitations 9 Relationships between Vp, Lugeon value, permeability and grouting in jointed rock 9.1 Correlation between Vp and Lugeon value 9.2 Rock mass deformability and the Vp-L-Q correlation 9.3 Velocity and permeability measurements at in situ block tests 9.

4 Detection of permeable zones using other geophysical methods 9.5 Monitoring the effects of grouting with seismic velocity 9.6 Interpreting grouting effects in relation to improved rock mass Q-parameters PART II 10 Seismic quality Q and attenuation at many scales 10.1 Some basic aspects concerning attenuation and Qseismic 10.1.1 A preliminary discussion of the importance of strain levels 10.1.2 A preliminary look at the attenuating effect of cracks of larger scale 10.

2 Attenuation and seismic Q from laboratory measurement 10.2.1 A more detailed discussion of friction as an attenuation mechanism 10.2.2 Effects of partial saturation on seismic Q 10.3 Effect of confining pressure on seismic Q 10.3.1 The four components of elastic attenuation 10.

3.2 Effect on Qp and Qs of loading rock samples towards failure 10.4 The effects of single rock joints on seismic Q 10.5 Attenuation and seismic Q from near-surface measurements 10.5.1 Potential links to rock mass quality parameters in jointed rock 10.5.2 Effects of unconsolidated sediments on seismic Q 10.

5.3 Influence of frequency variations on attenuation in jointed and bedded rock 10.6 Attenuation in the crust as interpreted from earthquake coda 10.6.1 Coda Qc from earthquake sources and its relation to rock quality Qc 10.6.2 Frequency dependence of coda Qc due to depth effects 10.6.

3 Temporal changes of coda Qc prior to earthquakes 10.6.4 Possible separation of attenuation into scattering and intrinsic mechanisms 10.6.5 Changed coda Q during seismic events 10.6.6 Attenuation of damage due to acceleration 10.6.

7 Do microcracks or tectonic structure cause attenuation 10.6.8 Down-the-well seismometers to minimise site effects 10.6.9 Rock mass quality parallels 10.7 Attenuation across continents 10.7.1 Plate tectonics, sub-duction zones and seismic Q 10.

7.2 Young and old oceanic lithosphere 10.7.3 Lateral and depth variation of seismic Q and seismic velocity 10.7.4 Cross-continent Lg coda Q variations and their explanation 10.7.5 Effect of thick sediments on continental Lg coda 10.

8 Some recent attenuation measurements in petroleum reservoir environments 10.8.1 Anomalous values of seismic Q in reservoirs due to major structures 10.8.2 Evidence for fracturing effects in reservoirs on seismic Q 10.8.3 Different methods of analysis give different seismic Q 11 Velocity structure of the earth¿s crust 11.1 An introduction to crustal velocity structures 11.

2 The continental velocity structures 11.3 The continental margin velocity structures 11.3.1 Explaining a velocity anomaly 11.4 The mid-Atlantic ridge velocity structures 11.4.1 A possible effective stress discrepancy in early testing 11.4.

2 Smoother depth velocity models 11.4.3 Recognition of lower effective stress levels beneath the oceans 11.4.4 Direct observation of sub-ocean floor velocities 11.4.5 Sub-ocean floor attenuation measurements 11.4.

6 A question of porosities, aspect ratios and sealing 11.4.7 A velocity-depth discussion 11.4.8 Fracture zones 11.5 The East Pacific Rise velocity structures 11.5.1 More porosity and fracture aspect ratio theories 11.

5.2 First sub-Pacific ocean core with sonic logs and permeability tests 11.5.3 Attenuation and seismic Q due to fracturing and alteration 11.5.4 Seismic attenuation tomography across the East Pacific Rise 11.5.5 Continuous sub-ocean floor seismic profiles 11.

6 Age effects summary for Atlantic Ridge and Pacific Rise 11.6.1 Decline of hydrothermal circulation with age and sediment cover 11.6.2 The analogy of pre-grouting as a form of mineralization 12 Rock stress, pore pressure, borehole stability and sonic logging 12.1 Pore pressure, over-pressure, and minimum stress 12.1.1 Pore pressure and over-pressure and cross-discipline terms 12.

1.2 Minimum stress and mud-weight 12.2 Stress anisotropy and its intolerance by weak rock 12.2.1 Reversal of Ko trends nearer the surface 12.3 Relevance to logging of borehole disturbed zone 12.4 Borehole in continuum becomes borehole in local discontinuum 12.5 The EDZ caused by joints, fractures and bedding-planes 12.

6 Loss of porosity due to extreme depth 12.7 Dipole shear-wave logging of boreholes 12.7.1 Some further development of logging tools 12.8 Mud filtrate invasion 12.9 Challenges from ultra HPHT 13 Rock physics at laboratory scale 13.1 Compressional velocity and porosity 13.2 Density, Vs and Vp 13.

3 Velocity, aspect ratio, pressure, brine and gas 13.4 Velocity, temperature and influence of fluid 13.5 Velocity, clay content and permeability 13.6 Stratigraphy based velocity to permeability estimation 13.6.1 Correlation to field processes 13.7 Velocity with patchy saturation effects in mixed units 13.8 Dynamic Poisson¿s ratio, effective stress and pore fluid 13.

9 Dynamic moduli for estimating static deformation moduli 13.10 Attenuation due to fluid type, frequency, clay, over-pressure, compliant minerals, dual porosity 13.10.1 Comparison of velocity and attenuation in the presence of gas or brine 13.10.2 Attenuation when dry or gas or brine saturated 13.10.3 Effect of frequency on velocity and at.