FOREWORD xv PREFACE xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix REVIEW PANEL xxi PART 1 FOODBORNE and MICROBIAL TOXINS 1 I Chemical Contamination and Additives 5 by Cyrus Rangan, MD, FAAP 1 Food Contamination 5 2 Food Additives and Sensitivities 22 II Staples and Spices 34 3 Akee Fruit and Jamaican Vomiting Sickness (Blighia sapida Köenig) 34 4 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Species) 39 5 Cyanogenic Foods (Cassava, Fruit Kernels, and Cycad Seeds) 44 6 Cycad Seeds and Chronic Neurologic Disease (Cycas Species) 54 7 Djenkol Bean [Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen] 59 8 Grass Pea and Neurolathyrism (Lathyrus sativus L.) 62 9 Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) 67 10 Pepper and Capsaicin (Capsicum and Piper Species) 71 11 Potatoes, Tomatoes, and Solanine Toxicity (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum lycopersicum L.) 77 12 Rhubarb and Oxalosis (Rheum Species) 84 III Microbes 89 A Bacteria 89 by Cyrus Rangan, MD, FAAP 13 Bacillus cereus 89 14 Campylobacter jejuni 96 15 Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) 103 16 Clostridium perfringens 114 17 Escherichia coli 120 18 Listeria monocytogenes 133 19 Salmonella 141 20 Shigella Species (Shiga Enterotoxins) 150 21 Staphylococcus aureus 156 22 Streptococcus Species 162 23 Vibrio Species 167 24 Yersinia enterocolitica 174 B Other Microbes 181 25 Cyanobacteria 181 26 Protozoa and Intestinal Parasites 191 27 Gastrointestinal Viruses 202 IV Seafood 212 28 Amnesic Shellfi sh Poisoning and Domoic Acid 212 29 Azaspiracid Shellfi sh Poisoning and Azaspiracid Toxins 218 30 Diarrhetic Shellfi sh Poisoning and Okadaic Acid 222 31 Neurotoxic Shellfi sh Poisoning and Brevetoxins 227 32 Paralytic Shellfi sh Poisoning and Saxitoxins 231 33 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning and Ciguatoxins 238 34 Puffer Fish Poisoning and Tetrodotoxin 247 35 Red Whelk and Tetramine 253 36 Scombroid Fish, Scombrotoxin, and Histamine 256 PART 2 FUNGAL TOXINS 261 I Mushrooms 265 37 Amatoxin-Containing Mushrooms 265 38 False Morel and Gyromitrin Poisoning 285 39 Gastroenteritis-Producing Mushrooms 290 40 Inky Cap and Coprine Toxicity [Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.) Fr.

] 294 41 Isoxazole-Containing Mushrooms and Pantherina Syndrome (Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina) 298 42 Muscarine-Containing Mushrooms and Muscarine Toxicity (Clitocybe and Inocybe Species) 303 43 Orellanine-Containing Mushrooms and Nephrotoxicity (Cortinarius Species) 307 44 Paxillus and Other Mushroom Syndromes 312 II Mycotoxins 317 45 Mycotoxins 317 PART 3 MEDICINAL HERBS and ESSENTIAL OILS 373 I Medicinal Herbs 377 46 Aloe Vera [Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.] 377 47 Aristolochic Acid and Chinese Herb Nephropathy 382 48 Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) 388 49 Blue Cohosh [Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.] 394 50 Borage (Borago offi cinalis L.) 397 51 Burdock Root (Arctium lappa L.

) 400 52 Calamus (Acorus calamus L.) 403 53 Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora T. Nees & Eberm.) 407 54 Cascara (Frangula purshiana Cooper) 414 55 Cat''s Claw [Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC.] 421 56 Chamomile [Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, Chamaemelum nobile L.

] 425 57 Chaparral [Larrea tridentata (Sesse & Moc. ex DC.) Vail] 429 58 Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus L.) 434 59 Clove and Eugenol [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry] 437 60 Colocynth [Citrullus colocynthis (L.

) Schrad.] 443 61 Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara L.) 446 62 Comfrey and Other Pyrrolizidine-Containing Plants 449 63 Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) 458 64 Dong Quai [Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels] 461 65 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium Schultz Bip.) 465 66 Garlic (Allium sativum L.) 470 67 Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys L.) 477 68 Ginger (Zingiber offi cinale Roscoe) 482 69 Ginkgo Tree (Ginkgo biloba L.) 488 70 Ginseng 497 71 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.

) 504 72 Hawthorn (Crataegus Species) 510 73 Impila, Pine Thistle, and Atractyloside 514 74 Jin Bu Huan and Tetrahydropalmatine 518 75 Juniper (Juniper communis L.) 522 76 Kava (Piper methysticum Forster) 525 77 Lavender (Lavandula Species) 532 78 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Species) 537 79 Ma Huang (Ephedra Alkaloids) 545 80 Milk Thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner] 553 81 Passionfl ower (Passifl ora incarnata L.) 558 82 Pennyroyal and Pulegone (Mentha pulegium L.) 563 83 Purple Conefl ower and Other Echinacea Species 568 84 Rosemary (Rosmarinus offi cinalis L.) 574 85 Rue (Ruta graveolens L.) 579 86 Sassafras [Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees] 582 87 Saw Palmetto [Serenoa repens (Bartram) J.

K. Small] 586 88 Senna (Senna alexandrina P. Mill.) 591 89 Skullcap (Scutellaria laterifl ora L.) 596 90 St. John''s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) 600 91 Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook. F.

and Illicium anisatum L.) 607 92 Star Fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) 611 93 Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) 614 94 Valerian (Valeriana offi cinalis L.) 617 95 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) 623 96 Yohimbe Bark and Yohimbine (Pausinystalia yohimbe Pierre ex Beille) 627 II Essential Oils 632 97 Citronella Oil [Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle] 632 98 Citrus Oil and Limonene 635 99 Eucalyptus Oil (Eucalyptus Species) 644 100 Neem Oil (Margosa Oil) (Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.

) 648 101 Peppermint Oil (Mentha x piperita L.) 653 102 Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Species) 658 103 Tung Oil (Aleurites fordii Hemsl.) 663 104 Turpentine and Pine Oil (Pinus Species) 666 PART 4 TOXIC PLANTS 673 I Plant Dermatitis 677 105 Plant Dermatitis 677 II Bulbs, Rhizomes, and Tubers 690 106 Buttercup Family 690 107 Colchicine-Containing Plants 693 108 Daffodils and Other Emetic Bulbs 703 109 Death Camas 707 110 Kaffir Lily [Clivia miniata (Lindley) Bosse] 710 111 Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis L.) 712 112 Zephyr Lily (Zephyranthes Species) 716 III Beans 718 113 Castor Bean and Ricin (Ricinus communis L.) 718 114 Cowitch and Horse Eye Bean (Mucuna Species) 727 115 Jequirity Bean and Abrin (Abrus precatorius L.) 729 116 Mescal Bean [Sophora secundifl ora (Ortega) Lagasca ex DC.] 733 IV Nonwoody Plants (Herbs) 736 117 Aconite Poisoning and Monkshood 736 118 African Blue Lily (Agapanthus Species) 743 119 Red Baneberry [Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd.] 745 120 Begonias 747 121 Yellow Bird-of-Paradise [Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.

) Wallich ex D. Dietr.] 749 122 Century Plant (Agave americana L.) 751 123 Cleistanthin, Diterpene Esters, and the Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae) 754 124 Cyanogenic Plants and Laetrile® 760 125 Dieffenbachia and Other Oxalate-Containing House Plants 768 126 Digitalis-Containing Flowers (Foxglove, Lily of the Valley) 773 127 Jimson Weed and Other Belladonna Alkaloids 776 128 Lupines and False Lupine 784 129 Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum L.) 788 130 Mistletoe 792 131 Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) 796 132 Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) 800 133 European Bittersweet and Other Solanum Species 803 134 Sweet Pea and Osteolathyrism 806 135 Tree Tobacco and Other Piperidine-Containing Plants 809 136 Veratrum Alkaloids 815 137 Wandering Jew (Tradescantia fl uminensis Vellozo) 819 138 Water Hemlock and Water Dropwort 821 139 White Snakeroot [Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.

E. Robins] 826 V Shrubs and Vines 829 140 Barbados Nut (Jatropha curcas L.) 829 141 Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L.) 832 142 Buckthorn [Karwinskia humboldtiana (J.A. Schultes) Zucc.] 834 143 Cactus 837 144 Carolina Jessamine [Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) St.

Hil.] 841 145 Daphne (Daphne mezereum L.) 843 146 Dog Laurel (Leucothoe Species) 845 147 Dogbane Family and Cardenolides 847 148 Holly (Ilex Species) 861 149 Honeysuckle (Lonicera Species) 863 150 Ivy and Falcarinol 865 151 Lantana (Lantana camara L.) 867 152 Rhododendrons and Grayanotoxins 870 153 Snowberry [Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake)] 874 154 Squirting Cucumber [Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Richard] 876 155 Wisteria 879 VI Trees 881 156 Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) 881 157 Buckeye (Aesculus Species) 883 158 Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.

) 886 159 Golden Chain Tree (Laburnum anagyroides Medikus) 889 160 Karaka Nut (Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. & G. Forst.) 892 161 Oaks (Quercus Species) 894 162 Pepper Tree (Schinus Species) 897 163 Yew (Taxus Species) 899 PART 5 VENOMOUS ANIMALS 905 I Arthropods 909 A Arachnids 909 164 Mites and Ticks (Order: Acari) 909 165 Scorpions (Order: Scorpiones) 914 166 Spiders (Order: Araneae) 925 B Centipedes 950 167 Centipedes (Subclass: Chilopoda) 950 C Insects 954 168 Bees, Wasps, and Ants (Order: Hymenoptera) 954 169 Bugs and Blister Beetles 969 170 Fleas (Order: Siphonaptera) 976.