Contents VOLUME I 1. Science and Structure 1.1 The Structure of Science 1.2 Chemistry: The Science of Structure 1.3 A Quick Tour Inside the Atom 1.4 Forces of Attraction Between Atoms, Molecules 1.5 Elements, Molecules, Compounds and the Periodic Table 1.6 Metals, Non-metals, and Metalloids 1.

7 Electrons, Ions and Oxidation Numbers 1.8 Ionic and Covalent Bonding 1.9 Electron Configuration 1.10 Lewis Dot Diagrams of Atoms and Simple Ions 1.11 Lewis Dot Diagrams of Simple Molecules 2. Mixtures and Separations from Gooey Tar to Beautiful Crystals 2.1 Background for the Separation and Isolation of Chemicals 2.2 Separation Based Upon Physical Properties 2.

3 Mixtures and Solutions 2.4 Solubility and Separation 2.5 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 2.6 Strong, Weak and Non-Electrolytes 2.7 Polarity and Solubility 2.8 Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water 2.9 Solubility and Extraction 2.10 Continuous Extraction 2.

11 Chromatography 3. Infrared Spectroscopy and Structure 3.1 Background for Determining the Structure of Chemicals 3.2 The Functional Group 3.3 The Use of IR Spectroscopy to Determine Functional Groups 3.4 Electromagnetic Radiation 3.5 The Infrared Spectrophotometer and IR Spectra 3.6 Introduction to Naming Compounds 3.

7 Naming Simple Organic Compounds 3.8 Multiple Carbon Carbon Bonds as Functional Groups 3.9 Index of Hydrogen Deficiency 3.10 A Final Note About IR Spectra 3.11 Interpreting IR Spectra—Two Examples 4. Backbone Structure and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 4.1 Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 4.2 Modes of 13C NMR Analysis 4.

3 13C NMR and Structural Isomers 4.4 Introduction to 1H NMR Spectra 4.5 Backbone Structures, Isomers, and Nomenclature 4.6 Nomenclature Rules for Alkanes 4.7 Naming Hydrocarbons with Multiple Bonds or Rings 4.8 Naming Compounds with Other Functional Groups 5. Chemical Reactions (I) Some Reaction Types and the Mole Concept 5.1 Introduction 5.

2 Combination Reactions 5.3 Decomposition Reactions 5.4 Two Compounds React to Form Two New Compounds 5.5 Chemical Reactions as Tools for Analysis 5.6 Atomic Mass and the Mole Concept 5.7 Chemical Formulas and Percentage Composition 5.8 Determining Chemical Formulas 5.9 Controlling Chemical Reactions 6.

Chemical Reactions (II) Stoichiometry and Redox Reactions 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry 6.3 Percent Yield 6.4 Oxidation Reduction Reactions 6.5 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 6.6 Biochemical Examples of Redox Reactions 6.7 Electrochemical Cells 6.

8 Corrosion 6.9 Stoichiometry and Electrolysis 7. Molecular Structure: What Do Molecules Look Like in Three Dimensions? 7.1 The Structure of Molecules 7.2 Valence Electrons: Where the Action Is! 7.3 Two by Two 7.4 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) 7.5 VSEPR and 2 Regions of Electron Density 7.

6 VSEPR and 3 Regions of Electron Density 7.7 VSEPR and 4 Regions of Electron Density 7.8 VSEPR and 5 Regions of Electron Density 7.9 VSEPR and 6 Regions of Electron Density 7.10 Electronic Geometry Versus Molecular Geometry 7.11 Lone Pairs and Bond Angles Predicted by VSEPR 7.12 Polar Bonds and Polarity in Molecules 7.13 Some Limitations of VSEPR 7.

14 Representations of 3–Dimensional Geometry in 2–Dimensions 8. Stereochemistry—Molecules and Mirrors 8.1 Isomerism 8.2 Geometric Isomers: One Type of Diastereomer 8.3 Chirality and Enantiomers 8.4 Nomenclature at the Stereocenter: Is It R or Is It S? 8.5 Optical Activity 8.6 Molecules That Contain More Than One Stereocenter: Another Type of Diastereomer 8.

7 Fischer Projections 8.8 Resolution 8.9 Chirality Without a Chiral Carbon 9. Inside the Atom 9.1 The Indestructible Atom Shows Some Cracks 9.2 The Mass of the Electron and the Recipe for Plum Pudding 9.3 The Tools Are Assembled for Atomic Exploration 9.4 Radioactivity and Transmutation of the Elements 9.

5 Rutherford's Nuclear Atom 9.6 The Problem of Atomic Number and Atomic Mass 9.7 Sidelight on Light 9.8 The Development of the Bohr Atom 9.9 Electron Waves and Probability Pictures 9.10 Quantum Numbers and Electron Configuration 9.11 Electron Energy Levels and Hund's Rule 9.12 Electron Configuration Notation 10.

The Table: Chemists Do It Periodically 10.1 Early Studies and Insights 10.2 Evidence of Periodicity 10.3 Modern Periodic Table Arrangements 10.4 Major Sections of the Periodic Table 10.5 Periodic Trends in Atomic and Ionic Radius 10.6 Periodic Trends in Ionization Energy 10.7 Periodic Trends in Electron Affinity 10.

8 Periodic Trends in Electronegativity 10.9 Electron Configurations and Ions 10.10 A Summary 11 Bonding: New Orbitals from Old 11.1 When an Atom Meets an Atom 11.2 Sodium, Chlorine and Sodium Chloride 11.3 Bond Strength 11.4 Covalent Bond Strength and Electronegativity 11.5 Strength of Bonds in Ionic Solids 11.

6 Strength of Metal Bonds 11.7 A Closer Look at the Properties of Covalently Bonded Substances 11.8 Atomic Orbitals and Covalent Bond Formation 11.9 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals and Covalent Bond Formation 11.10 Multiple Bonds and Hybrid Orbitals 11.11 Bond Order, Bond Length and Bond Strength 12. Acids and Bases 12.1 Early Acid/Base Theories 12.

2 Arrhenius Acid/Base Theory 12.3 The Solvent Theory of Acids and Bases 12.4 Bronsted–Lowry Acid/Base Theory 12.5 Factors Affecting Strength of Protonic Acids 12.6 Lewis Acid–Base Theory 12.7 Summary 13. Resonance and Aromaticity: Dashes, Circles and Snakes 13.1 Resonance: When Theory and Experiment Disagree 13.

2 Resonance Effects on Acidity 13.3 Benzene 13.4 Aromaticity and Aromatic Compounds 13.5 Aromaticity and NMR 13.6 Aromaticity and IR 14. Aromatic Reactions 14.1 Introduction to Aromatic Reactions and Mechanisms 14.2 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 14.

3 Chlorination (or More Generally Halogenation) 14.4 Friedel—Crafts Alkylation 14.5 Nitration 14.6 Review of the General Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction Mechanism 14.7 Sulfonation 14.8 Friedel—Crafts Acylation 14.9 Effect of Groups on Reactivity of Aromatic Ring 14.10 Effect of Groups on Orientation of Substitution 14.

11 Trisubstituted Aromatics 14.12 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 15. Complete Chaos and Ideal Behavior 15.1 The Model of a Gas 15.2 Early Understanding of the Properties of Gases 15.3 Pressure and Volume 15.4 Theoretical Interpretation of Boyles's Law 15.5 Temperature and Charles's Law 15.

6 Amontons's Law 15.7 Charles's Law, Amontons's Law and Kinetic Molecular Theory 15.8 Avogadro's Hypothesis 15.9 Combining the Gas Laws 15.10 Types of Gas Law Problems 15.11 Mixtures of Gases 15.12 Real Gases Versus Ideal Gases 16. Liquids and Solids 16.

1 The Empirical Evidence 16.2 The Forces 16.3 The Liquid State 16.4 The Solid State Appendixes A. The SI System B. Other Common Units C. Selected Fundamental Constants D. The Chemical Elements E.

Common Ions F. Background for Equations in Chapter 9 G. Background for Equations in Chapter 15 H. Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Problems VOLUME II 1. Reaction Energetics: Hot Enough for You? 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Heat and Temperature 1.3 Calorimetery 1.

4 Heat and Work 1.5 Conservation of Energy 1.6 State Functions and Path Functions 1.7 Enthalpy and Chemical Reactions 1.8 Standard States and Enthalpy of Formation 1.9 Hess' Law and Enthalpy Ch.