List of Contibutors xv Preface xix 1 Ecorestoration for Environmental Sustainability--An Introductory Framework 1 Arnab Banerjee, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Surendra Singh Bargali and Debnath Palit 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Global Scenario of Ecosystem Types and Their Degradation 4 1.2.1 Agroecosystem 5 1.2.2 Forests 6 1.2.

3 Freshwater 7 1.2.4 Grasslands, Shrub Lands, and Savannahs 7 1.2.5 Mountains 8 1.2.6 Oceans and Coasts 8 1.2.

7 Peat Lands Around 9 1.2.8 Urban Areas 10 1.3 Need of Ecorestoration 10 1.3.1 The Economy 11 1.3.2 Food Security 12 1.

3.3 Clean Water 12 1.3.4 Health and Well-Being 13 1.3.5 Climate Change Mitigation 13 1.3.6 Climate Change Adaptation 14 1.

3.7 Security 14 1.3.8 Biodiversity 15 1.3.9 Synergies and Trade-Offs 16 1.4 Ecological Restoration and Forestry 16 1.4.

1 Forested Wetland Restoration 16 1.5 Ecological Restoration and Societal Development 17 1.5.1 Ecological Restoration in Social Context 17 1.6 Policies and Strategy Formulation for Ecological Restoration Toward Environmental Sustainability 17 1.6.1 Novel Ecosystems and Adapting to Rapid Global Change 18 1.6.

2 Climate-Smart Agriculture and Enhancing Socioecological Resilience 19 1.6.3 Increasing the Multifunctionality and Productivity of Agricultural Landscapes 20 1.6.4 Green Infrastructure and Nature-Based Solutions 20 1.6.5 Ecorestoration of Agroecosystem 21 1.6.

6 Urbanization and Development 22 1.6.7 Biodiversity Offset Mitigation Through Ecological Restoration 23 1.6.8 Ecological Restoration as an Integral Component of Production Landscapes 24 1.7 Evidence of Success and Benefits of Ecological Restoration 25 1.8 Conclusion 26 References 27 2 Agricultural Soil Management and Ecorestoration Under Climate Change: Practices for Sustainable Soil Resource 49 Zied Haj-Amor, Tesfay Araya, Tapos Kumar Acharjee, Salem Bouri and Ruediger Anlauf 2.1 Introduction 50 2.

2 Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Soil 51 2.2.1 Soil Erosion 51 2.2.2 Soil Salinization 52 2.2.3 Drought 53 2.3 Potential for Soil and Ecorestoration to Mitigate Climate Change 54 2.

3.1 Soil Carbon Sequestration 54 2.3.2 Soil Management Practices for Increasing Carbon Storage in Soil 55 2.3.3 Ecorestoration of Agricultural Soil 57 2.3.4 Potential for Ecorestoration of Soil to Mitigate and Adapt Climate Change 58 2.

4 Soil Water Management Under Climate Change/Variability 59 2.4.1 Experiences from Europe 59 2.4.1.1 Improvement of Irrigation to Save Water 59 2.4.1.

2 Shifts in Land Use to Adapt to Climate Change 61 2.4.2 Experiences from Bangladesh 61 2.4.3 Experiences from Tunisia 66 2.5 Recommendations for Sustainable Soil Management and Environmental Sustainability 66 2.6 Policy Framework for Ecorestoration and Management of Agricultural Soil 67 2.7 Future Roadmap for Ecorestoration Toward Sustainable Soil Resource 68 2.

8 Conclusion 69 Funding 70 References 70 3 Integrated River Health Assessment System (IRHAS): A Promising Tool for Ecorestoration of Tropical Indian Rivers 77 Parul Gurjar, Kuldeep Lakhera, Vipin Vyas and Rumeet Kour Raina 3.1 Introduction 78 3.1.1 River Ecology--An Introductory Remark 78 3.1.2 Status/Scenario of Tropical Rivers in India 78 3.1.3 Concept of Ecorestoration of Riverine Ecosystem in India 79 3.

1.4 Role of Biodiversity in Riverine Conservation 80 3.2 Integrated River Health Assessment System (IRHAS)--A Promising Tool 80 3.2.1 Physical Analysis 81 3.2.1.1 Physical Habitat 81 3.

2.1.2 Riparian Zone 83 3.2.1.3 Biological Analysis 89 3.2.1.

4 Chemical Analysis 93 3.3 Legal and Policy Framework for Effective Implementation of Integrated River Health Assessment System 96 3.4 Future Roadmap of Integrated River Health Assessment System 97 3.5 Concluding Remarks for the Implementation of IRHAS in Indian River Systems to Achieve Environmental Sustainability 98 References 98 4 Wetland Restoration Policies and the Sustainability of Agricultural Productions, Lessons Learnt from Zrebar Lake, Iran 113 Shervin Jamshidi and Anahita Naderi 4.1 Introduction 114 4.1.1 What is Eutrophication? 114 4.1.

2 Clarity Reduction 114 4.1.3 Clogging Filters 115 4.1.4 Increasing Health Risks 115 4.1.5 Increasing Ecological Risks 116 4.1.

6 pH Variation 117 4.1.7 Human Ecosystem 117 4.2 What is the Cause? 118 4.3 Integrated Sustainable Management 120 4.3.1 Trends and Approaches 120 4.3.

2 Best Management Practices (BMPs) 123 4.3.3 Accounting Sustainability by Water Footprint 125 4.4 Zrebar Lake 128 4.4.1 Basin Characteristics 128 4.4.2 Basin Ecology 132 4.

4.3 Pollution Sources 141 4.4.4 Water Quality 144 4.4.5 Lessons Learnt 149 4.4.5.

1 Zrebar Lake in Studies 149 4.4.5.2 BMPs Impact 151 4.4.5.3 Future Trends and Directives 155 4.4.

5.4 Legal and Policy Framework 158 4.5 Conclusion 159 References 160 5 Strategies for Ecosystem Biomass Conservation: Review, Analysis, and Evaluation 167 Silvina M. Manrique 5.1 Introduction 168 5.1.1 Sustainable Development: Bases and Principles 168 5.1.

2 Planetary Limits and Natural Capital 169 5.2 Loss of Biospheric Integrity 171 5.2.1 Ecosystems, Biodiversity, and Climate 171 5.2.2 The Global State of Natural Capital 172 5.2.3 Loss of Biomass Integrity of Ecosystems 175 5.

3 Strategies for the Conservation/Restoration of Ecosystem Biomass 176 5.3.1 Ecorestoration 177 5.3.2 Payment for Environmental Services (PES) 178 5.3.3 Nature-Based Solutions 178 5.3.

4 Ecosystem-Based Adaptation 178 5.3.5 Protected Areas (PAs) 178 5.4 Case Study: Native Forests, Biomass, and Ecosystem Services 180 5.4.1 Lower Yungas Forest (LYF) Context 180 5.4.2 Characterization and Analysis 181 5.

4.3 Physiognomy, Floristic Composition, and Richness 184 5.4.4 Stock and Distribution of Carbon in Ecosystem Reservoirs 188 5.4.5 Protected Areas Value and Management Strategies 191 5.5 Effectiveness of Conservation Measures 193 5.5.

1 Protected Areas: Are They Meeting Their Goal? 193 5.5.2 Effectiveness of Protected Areas 194 5.6 Conclusions 195 5.7 Policy and Legal Framework for Ecosystem Biomass Conservation 196 5.8 Forest Ecosystem Biomass Conservation Toward Environmental Sustainability 198 5.8.1 Forest Biomass: A Complex and Multidiverse Source of Benefits 198 5.

9 Future Roadmap of Forest Biomass Conservation 199 5.10 Final Thoughts 201 References 202 6 Reclamation of Mined Soil in RCF Region--A Phytoremediation Approach 211 Debalina Kar and Debnath Palit 6.1 Introduction 212 6.2 Impact of Mining 212 6.3 Bioremediation and Phytoremediation 213 6.4 Material and Methods 214 6.4.1 Study Sites 214 6.

4.2 Ecological Survey or Phytosociological Study for Identifying Pioneering Species of Trees 214 6.5 Results and Discussion 215 6.6 Conclusion 240 References 240 7 Ecological Restoration of Various Ecosystems: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation and Natural Resource Management 245 C.B. Ethis-Eriakha and S.E. Akemu 7.

1 Introduction 246 7.2 Ecosystem as a Natural Support System for Biodiversity 247 7.3 Pollution of the Natural Ecosystem 248 7.4 Deforestation 249 7.5 Consequences of Pollution of the Natural Ecosystem 250 7.6 Ecorestoration for Conservation of Biodiversity and Natural Resources 253 7.7 Various Approaches to Ecological Restoration--Natural Regeneration and Active Ecorestoration 255 7.8 Tools for Ecological Restoration of Various Ecosystems 256 7.

9 Ecorestoration of Biodiversity in Terrestrial, Aquatic Ecosystems, Wetlands, Tropical Forests, Grasslands 257 7.10 Research and Development Activities in Ecorestoration for Conservation of Biodiversity and Natural Resources 258 7.11 Policy and Legal Framework for Ecorestoration, Conservation of Biodiversity and Natural Resources 259 7.12 Future Roadmap 260 7.13 Conclusion 261 References 261 8 Managing Forests for Offsetting Carbon Footprints 267 Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Bharat Lal, Taher Mechergui, Annpurna Devi and Ghanshyam 8.1 Introduction 268 8.2 Global Forests Scenario 269 8.3 Carbon Footprint: A Conceptual Framework 272 8.

4 Carbon Footprint Calculator 276 8.5 Technology for Forest Cover and Carbon Assessment 277 8.6 Measuring Carbon Emissions from Deforestation 280 8.7 Carbon Sinks in Forests 282 8.8 Forest Management for Carbon Mitigation 283 8.9 Emerging Challenges and Constraint 284 8.10 Research and Development Toward Footprints 285 8.11 Policy and Legal Framework 285 References 286 9 Ecosystem Management of Polluted Forest and Its Implication on Biodiversity Conservation in the Niger Delta 295 Aroloye O.

Numbere and Eberechukwu M. Maduike 9.1 Introduction 296 9.2 Profiles of Mangrove Biodiversity in the Niger Delta 298 9.2.1 Vegetation 298 9.2.2 Wildlife 299 9.

2.3 Impact of Hydrocarbon Pollution on Ma.