Two major ways in which the Department of Defense (DoD) strives to improve its efficiency is through the consolidation of defense facilities and changes in its governance structure (e.g., reorganization of defense agencies or field activities). Both types of initiatives can have significant effects on the governance structure and physical infrastructure of institutions that offer education, training, and development (ET&D) to DoD personnel. In anticipation of future DoD efficiency improvement efforts, the DoD Office of the Chancellor for Education and Professional Development asked RAND to examine the ways in which selected ET&D institutions have been affected by past initiatives. This document reviews the experiences of four institutions, two of which experienced significant changes in their infrastructure in the 1990s, and two of which did not. For each case study site, we document the rationale and processes that preceded decisions about infrastructure change, describe the institutional context at the time of the proposed change, provide a detailed account of the change process in cases where change occurred, and generate an assessment of the effects of changes on the institution?s effectiveness and efficiency. We conclude with a summary of lessons learned from the case studies and recommendations to institutional leaders and sponsors faced with decisions about infrastructure change.