Introduction The Origins of the Secret Service Bureau The Security Service (MI5) and the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS orMI6) began operations in October 1909 as a single organization, the Secret Service Bureau, based in premises rented by a private detective, retired Chief Inspector Edward ''Tricky'' Drew, at 64 Victoria Street, London SW1, opposite the Army and Navy Stores. The Bureau was staffed initially by only two officers, the fifty-year-old Commander Mansfield Cumming RN and an army captain fourteen years his junior, Vernon Kell, who met for the first time on 4 October when, according to Cumming''s diary, they ''had a yarn over the future and agreed to work together for the success of the cause''. Cumming and Kell later parted company to become the first heads of, respectively, SIS and MI5. For several months, however, they were based in the same room, struggling, with minimal resources, ''to deal both with espionage in this country and with our foreign agents abroad''. The Secret Service Bureau owed its foundation to the recommendations of a sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence, the chief defence planning council of the realm, which had been instructed in March 1909 by the Liberal government of Herbert Asquith to consider ''the nature and extent of foreign espionage that is at present taking place within this country and the danger to which it may expose us''. It reported on 24 July: ''The evidence which was produced left no doubt in the minds of the subcommittee that an extensive system of German espionage exists in this country and that we have no organisation for keeping in touch with that espionage and for accurately determining its extent or objectives.'' Most continental high commands would have been surprised to discover that British intelligence was in such an enfeebled state. There was a widespread myth that, ever since the days when a secret service run by Queen Elizabeth I''s Secretary of State, Sir Francis Walsingham, had successfully uncovered a number of Catholic plots, British intelligence, like the British Empire, had grown steadily in size and influence, spreading its tentacles across the globe.

The myth was encouraged by Edwardian spy novelists. The most prolific and successful of them, William Le Queux, allegedly Queen Alexandra''s favourite novelist, assured his readers: ''The British Secret Service, although never so prominently before the public as those unscrupulous agents provocateurs of France and Russia, is nevertheless equally active. It works in silence and secrecy, yet many are its successful counterplots against the machinations of England''s enemies.''6 Le Queux (pronounced ''Kew'') was a Walter Mitty figure who fantasized that he had played a personal part in some of these successes. In Secrets of the Foreign Office published in 1903, Le Queux, thinly disguised as Duckworth Drew, ''secret agent in the employ of the Foreign Office, and, next to his Majesty''s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, one of the most powerful and important pillars of England''s supremacy'', quickly gets the better of the long-serving French Foreign Minister, The´ophile Delcasse´ (equally thinly disguised as Monsieur Delanne). Delcasse´, alias Delanne, ''admitted that he longed to smoke one of my excellent light-coloured Corona Superbos''. But there was more to Drew''s cigars than met the Minister''s inattentive eye: ''To this day Monsieur le Ministre is in ignorance that that particular Corona had been carefully prepared by me with a solution of cocculus indicus .'' Outwitted by the cunningly prepared Corona, the disoriented Delanne revealed the secrets Drew (sometimes considered an Edwardian prototype of James Bond) had come to collect.

8 Such fantasies found a ready market. Like Thomas Hardy and H. G. Wells, both vastly superior writers, Le Queux was paid the top rate of 12 guineas per thousand words and published far more than either. At the opposite extreme of literary merit from Le Queux, Rudyard Kipling gave an equally optimistic assessment of British successes in the intelligence duel with Russia on India''s North-West Frontier. In Kim (probably the finest of all spy novels, though it transcends the world of espionage), unseen but ubiquitous agents of the British Raj play ''the Great Game that never ceases day and night throughout India''. And they do so with a subtlety quite beyond the capacity of Tsarist Russia, ''the dread Power of the North'', and its French ally, whose emissaries are ''smitten helpless''. So far as theWar Office were concerned, the myth of a far-flung intelligence network, whether promulgated by Kipling or by lesser literary talents, had the incidental advantage of avoiding public revelation of British intelligence weakness.

''The only consolation'', they concluded in 1907, ''is that every foreign government implicitly believes that we already have a thoroughly organised and efficient European Secret Service.'' All that Britain actually had were small and underfunded military and naval intelligence departments, both with little capacity to collect secret intelligence, and the Metropolitan Police Special Branch (MPSB), founded in 1883 to counter the threat to the capital from Fenian (Irish Republican) terrorism, which had moved on to small-scale investigation of other terrorist and subversive threats but had minimal expertise in counterespionage. The three agencies had little influence in Whitehall. Spenser Wilkinson, first Chichele Professor ofWar at Oxford University, compared the War Office''s use of their Intelligence Department (ID) during the Boer War (1899-1902) to a man who ''kept a small brain for occasional use in his waistcoat pocket and ran his head by clockwork''. Although the 1903 Royal Commission on the War in South Africa concluded that the ID had been ''undermanned for the work of preparation for a great war'',14 once the war was over the pressure for intelligence reform and more resources declined. Within the Directorate of Military Operations at the War Office, however, two diminutive departments, MO2 and MO3, were established in 1903 with responsibility for, respectively, foreign intelligence and counterespionage. MO3 was the direct predecessor of MI5. Superintendent William Melville, who had been head of the Met''s Special Branch for the previous decade, was recruited to carry out secret investigations for both MO2 and MO3, later becoming chief detective of the Security Service during its first eight years.

Since he qualified for a police pension of £240 and received an additional £400 from the War Office, the terms were financially attractive. Melville''s appointment was not publicly announced. Officially, he simply retired from the Special Branch. The Times reported that Scotland Yard had lost the services of ''the most celebrated detective of the day''.15 The award of the MVO (Member of the Royal Victorian Order) to Melville on his official retirement in 1903 also recognized his role in overseeing, with very limited resources, the security of Queen Victoria, King Edward VII and other members of the Royal Family both at home and during their continental travels at a time when European heads of state were more regularly threatened with assassination by revolutionary and anarchist groups than at any time before or since. Those assassinated on the continent included a Russian tsar, a French president, an empress of Austria-Hungary, a king of Italy, prime ministers of Spain and Russia, but no British royal or minister. Among foreign royals whose security Melville helped to protect during visits to Britain was Kaiser Wilhelm II, who presented him at various times with a gold watch and chain, a ring and a cigarette case. The fact that early Security Service records date Melville''s employment from 1903, six years before MI5 was founded, is evidence that his work for it after 1909 was seen at the time as a continuation and extension of his earlier War Office investigations.

During his investigations for both the War Office and the Secret Service Bureau, Melville operated from an office at 25 Victoria Street, Westminster, using the alias ''W. Morgan, General Agent''. Melville was well acquainted with Gustav Steinhauer, who became head in 1901 of the British section of the German Admiralty''s newly founded intelligence service, the Nachrichten-Abteilung, usually known as ''N''. Former Kriminalkommissar of the Berlin police, Steinhauer, who grandly termed himself the ''Kaiser''s spy'', had trained as a private detective at the Pinkerton Agency in Chicago and spoke English fluently with an American accent. He accompanied the Kaiser to England in 1901 as his personal bodyguard when Wilhelm II came to pay his last respects to his dying grandmother, Queen Victoria, and later to attend her funeral. A detective inspector in the MPSB described Steinhauer as ''a handsome soldierly figure who had seen more courts than camps''. Steinhauer remembered Melville as ''a silent, reserved man, never given to talking wildly'', who entertained him to dinner with cigars and ''one or two bottles of wine'' at Simpson''s Grand Cigar Divan in the Strand. The presence of so much European royalty at Queen Victoria''s funeral inevitably led to fears of assassination attempts.

Steinhauer later gave a melodramatic account of how he had accompanied Melville in a hunt for three homicidal Russian nihilists, who made their escape after allegedly killing a female informant of the Special Branch. Melville told the Kaiser he had been impressed by Steinhauer''s intelligence expertise. ''Yes, Steinhauer is a splendid fellow!'' replied the Kaiser. In the spring of 1904 Melville sent his assistant, Herbert Dale Long, on the first of several missions to Germany on behalf ofMO2 under com.