Preface ix About the Companion Website xi 1 General Surgical Consideration 1 Preoperative Procedures 1 Preparing the Surgical Site 3 Postoperative Care 5 Suggested Reading 8 2 Surgical Restraint 11 General Considerations 11 Techniques That Divert the Animal''s Attention 11 Methods That Prevent Kicking 12 Methods for Raising a Leg in Cattle 13 Methods for Restraining the Tail in Cattle 15 Methods for Casting Cattle 15 Other Restraints 16 Mechanical Restraint 17 Suggested Reading 18 3 Local and Regional Anesthesia 19 General Considerations for Local and Regional (Nonepidural) Anesthesia 19 Abdominal Wall Anesthesia in Cattle 19 Anesthesia of the Distal Limb Via Vascular (IV) Infusion in Cattle 24 Anesthesia of the Horn (Cornual Nerve Block) 25 Eye and Eyelid Anesthesia in Cattle 27 Teat Anesthesia in Cattle 30 Sacral and Subsacral Paravertebral Blocks 33 Suggested Reading 37 4 Epidural Anesthesia 39 Principles of Epidural Anesthesia 39 Administering Epidural Anesthesia 41 Suggested Reading 50 5 General Anesthesia and Postoperative Analgesia 51 Introduction and General Considerations 51 Selected Drugs Used for Sedation, Tranquilization, Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Muscle Relaxation 54 Inhalation Anesthesia 59 Suggested Reading 63 6 Surgery of the Head and Neck in Cattle and Goats 65 Basic Cornuectomy in Cattle 65 Cosmetic Cornuectomy in Cattle 66 Cornuectomy in Goats 67 Trephination of Frontal Sinuses in cattle 68 Dentistry in Cattle 69 Tracheotomy in cattle 70 Esophagostomy in Cattle 71 Suggested Reading 73 7 Surgical Treatment of Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Corneal Dermoids in Cattle 75 Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma 75 Corneal Dermoid Surgery 80 Surgery for Entropion 80 Suggested Reading 81 8 Hernias and Umbilical Masses 83 Introduction 83 Surgical Procedures in Cattle 84 Surgical Procedures in Pigs 92 Herniorrhaphy in Sheep and Goats 95 Suggested Reading 95 9 Laparotomy in Cattle 97 Abdominal Surgery in cattle 97 Exploratory Laparotomy 100 Suggested Reading 103 10 Rumenotomy, Fistulation, Cannulation, and Pericardiotomy in Cattle 105 Rumenotomy 105 Creation of a Temporary Rumen Fistula 108 Permanent Rumen Cannulation 112 Pericardiotomy: Surgically Correcting Traumatic Pericarditis 113 Suggested Reading 116 11 Abomasal Surgery 119 General Considerations 119 Surgical Techniques for Treating Left Displaced Abomasum 119 Surgical Procedures for Treating Right Displaced Abomasum 127 Surgical Technique for Treating Abomasal Volvulus (RTA) 128 Conclusion 130 Suggested Reading 130 12 Surgical Treatment of Intestinal Obstruction 133 Introduction 133 Common Clinical Signs of Intestinal Obstruction in Cattle 133 Using Resection and Anastomosis to Treat Intussusception of the Jejunum in Cattle 134 Emergency Repair of Intestinal Laceration or Evisceration Trauma in Pigs and Calves 135 Spermatic Cord-Induced Intestinal Incarceration Surgery in Steers 135 Treating Typhlectasis with or without Torsion 136 Suggested Reading 138 13 Rectal Prolapse Repair 139 Factors That Can Predispose Animals to Rectal Prolapse 139 Types of Rectal Prolapse 139 Surgical Repair 139 Common Sequelae to Rectal Prolapse and Repair 143 Suggested Reading 143 14 Surgery of the Female Reproductive System 145 Oophorectomy in Cattle 145 Cesarean Section in Cows and Other Procedures to Aid Delivery 150 Cesarean Section in Sheep and Goats 161 Cesarean Section in Sows 163 Repair of Chronic Vaginal Prolapse in Cows 167 Third-Degree Perineal Laceration Repair 175 Urethral Extension to Control Urine Pooling 177 Suggested Reading 179 15 Surgery of the Male Reproductive System 183 Castration 183 Surgery for Cryptorchidism, Ectopic Testicle, and Scirrhous Cord 188 Surgical Correction of Penile and Preputial Conditions in Bulls 192 Extirpation of the Preputial Diverticulum in Boars 207 Surgical Preparation of Teaser Bulls, Boars, and Rams 210 Suggested Reading 218 16 Surgical Treatment of Conditions Associated with Urolithiasis 221 General Considerations 221 Urethrostomy 221 Tube Cystostomy 225 Urethral Catheterization 227 Urethral Repair in Breeding Bulls 228 Surgery for Subcutaneous Abdominal Inflammation and Edema Caused by Urethral Rupture 230 Surgical Removal of the Urethral Process in Wethers and Rams 230 Suggested Reading 230 17 Mammary Surgery 233 Teat Surgery 233 Udder Surgery 246 Suggested Reading 252 18 Ligament and Tendon Surgery 253 Tendon Surgery 253 Ligament Surgery 256 Suggested Reading 260 19 Foot and Claw Surgery 261 General Considerations 261 Amputation of the Claw in Cattle 261 Excision of Interdigital Fibromas (Corns) 263 Removal of Interdigital Foreign Bodies or Foreign Bodies Surrounding the Claw 265 Subsolar Abscess Surgery 265 Trimming of Claws, especially in Cattle 266 Amputation of the Forelimb and Hindlimb in Cattle, Especially Calves 267 Amputation of Medial Dewclaws of the Rear Feet in Heifers 268 Suggested Reading 268 20 Joint Surgery 271 General Considerations related to Joint Effusion 271 Arthrocentesis 271 Joint Flushing 272 Arthroscopy 273 Arthrodesis 273 Treatment of Meniscal Tears 274 Suggested Reading 274 21 Common Fractures and Dislocations 275 General Considerations 275 Specific Fractures and Dislocations 276 Suggested Reading 280 Study Question Answers 283 Index 293.