Preface AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSORS Introduction Criteria for "Good" Biosensor Research Defining a Standard for Characterizing Biosensor Performances Success Stories in Biosensor Research Conclusion IMAGING OF SINGLE BIOMOLECULES BY SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY Introduction Interfacial Electron Transfer in Molecular and Protein Film Voltammetry Theoretical Notions in Bioelectrochemistry towards the Single-Molecule Level In Situ Imaging of Bio-related Molecules and Linker Molecules for Protein Voltammetry with Single-Molecule and Sub-molecular Resolution Imaging of Intermediate-Size Biological Structures: Lipid Membranes and Insulin Interfacial Electrochemistry and In Situ Imaging of Redox Metalloproteins and Metalloenzymes at the Single-Molecule Level Some Concluding Observations and Outlooks APPLICATIONS OF NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY IN BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY Introduction Theoretical Aspects of Neutron Scattering Experimental Aspects Selected Examples Summary and Future Aspects MODEL LIPID BILAYERS AT ELECTRODE SURFACES Introduction Biomimetic Membranes: Scope and Requirements Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Formation of Lipid Films in Biomimetic Membranes Various Types of Biomimetic Membranes Conclusions ENZYMATIC FUEL CELLS Introduction Bioanodes for Glucose Oxidation Biocathodes Assembled Biofuel Cells Conclusions and Future Outlook RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF BIOMOLECULES AT ELECTRODE SURFACES Introduction Raman Spectroscopy SERS and Surface-Enhanced Resonant Raman Spectroscopy Comparison of SE(R)RS and Fluorescence for Biological Studies Surfaces for SERS Plasmonic Surfaces SERS Surfaces for Electrochemistry Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy SE(R)RS of Biomolecules Conclusion MEMBRANE ELECTROPORATION IN HIGH ELECTRIC FIELDS Introduction Electrodeformation and Electroporation of Membranes in the Fluid Phase Response of Gel-Phase Membranes Effects of Membrane Inclusions and Media on the Response and Stability of Fluid Vesicles in Electric Fields Application of Vesicle Electroporation Conclusions and Outlook ELECTROPORATION FOR MEDICAL USE IN DRUG AND GENE ELECTROTRANSFER Introduction A List of Definitions How We Understand Permeabilization at the Cellular and Tissue Level Basic Aspects of Electroporation that are of Particular Importance for Medical Use How to Deliver Electric Pulses in Patient Treatment Treatment and Post-treatment Management Clinical Results with Electrochemotherapy Use in Internal Organs Gene Electrotransfer Conclusions.