Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis V.K. Ahluwalia Visiting Professor Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi ⦠Chennai Contents Part I: Introduction 1.
Introduction to Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis 1 1.1 Chemical Analysis 3 1.2 Instrumental Methods--Their Classification 3 1.3 Selection of the Instrumental Method 5 1.4 Application of Instrumental Methods/ Techniques 5 1.4.1 Chromatographic Methods 5 1.4.
2 Thermal Methods 5 1.4.3 Electrochemical Methods 5 1.4.4 Instrumental Methods for the Determination of the structure of Organic Compounds 6 1.4.5 Instrumental Methods of Analysis of Inorganic Compounds 8 1.4.
6 Miscellaneous Instrumental Methods 9 Part II: Chromatographic Methods 2. Chromatography 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Principle of Chromatographic Separation 13 2.3 Types of Chromatography 14 2.3.1 Partition Chromatography 14 2.3.
2 Adsorption Chromatography 15 2.3.3 Exclusion Chromatography 15 2.3.4 Ion-exchange Chromatography 15 Exercises 16 3. Paper Chromatography 17 3.1 Circular (or Radical) Paper Chromatography 17 3.2 Ascending Paper Chromatography 20 3.
3 Descending Paper Chromatography 20 3.4 Paper Chromatographic Ceparations 21 3.4.1 Separation and Identification of Group 1 Cations (Pb'', Ag*, 3.4.2 Separation and Identification of Cations of Group II 21 (Hg2±, Cd2+ and Bi3±) 22 viii Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis 3.4.3 Separation and Identification of Cu" and Cd" Using Paper Chromatography 22 3.
4.4 Separation and Identification of Amino Acids by Descending Paper Chromatography 23 3.4.5 Separation and Identification of Monosaccharides by Descending Paper Chromatography 24 Exercises 25 4. Thin Layer Chromatography 27 4.1 Principle of TLC Separation 27 4.2 Preparation of TLC Plates 27 4.3 Procedure for TLC 29 4.
4 Preparative TLC 31 4.5 Two-dimensional TLC 32 4.6 High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) 33 4.7 Reversed Phase Partition Thin Layer Chromatography 34 4.8 Thin Layer Chromatographic Separations 34 4.8.1 Separation and Identification of Amino Acids by TLC 34 4.8.
2 Separation and Identification of Carbohydrates by TLC 35 4.8.3 Separation and Identification of Ketones 35 Exercises 36 5. Column Chromatography 37 5.1 Principle of Column Chromatography 38 5.2 Procedure of Column Chromatography 38 5.3 High Performance Column Chromatography 40 5.4 Dry Column Chromatography 41 5.
5 Chiral Chromatography 42 5.6 Columns Chromatographic Separations 43 5.6.1 Separation and Identification of a Mixture of o-Nitroaniline and p-Nitroaniline by Column Chromatography 43 5.6.2 Separation and Identification of a Mixture of cis- and trans-Azobenzene by Column Chromatography 43 5.6.3 Purification of Anthracene by Column Chromatography 44 Exercises44 6.
Gas Chromatography 45 6.1 Introduction 45 6.2 Principle of Gas Chromatography 45 Contents 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 The Chromatographic Instrument 6.3.
1 Carrier Gas 6.3.2 Sample Injection System 6.3.3 The Column 6.3.4 The Detector 6.3.
5 Temperature Programming Preparative Gas Chromatography Applications of Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatographic Separations ix 47 47 47 48 50 50 50 51 53 6.6.1 Estimation of Sucrose 53 6.6.2 Estimation of Aluminium in Water 54 Exercises 54 7. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 55 7.1 Introduction 55 7.2 Principle of HPLC 55 7.
3 HPLC Instruments 56 7.3.1 Mobile Phase 56 7.3.2 Sample Injection Systems 56 7.3.3 Column 56 7.3.
4 Detector 57 Exercises 57 8. Gel Chromatography 59 8.1 Introduction 59 8.2 Principle of Gel Chromatography 59 8.3 Types of Gels 59 8.4 Applications of Gel Chromatography 61 Exercises 61 9. Ion Exchange Chromatography 63 9.1 Introduction 63 9.
2 Different Types of Resins 64 9.2.1 Anion Exchange Resins 64 9.2.2 Cation Exchange Resins 65 9.3 Principle of Ion Chromatography 65 9.4 Procedure for Ion Chromatography 66 9.5 Applications of Ion Chromatography 67 9.
5.1 Determination of Anions 67 9.5.2 Separation of Lit, Na'' and K± Ions 68 9.5.3 Removal of Phos.