Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Perspective 1 1.2 Basic Concepts 8 1.3 Optical Communication Systems 16 1.4 Lightwave System Components 17 Problems 20 References 21 2 Optical Fibers 24 2.1 Geometrical-Optics Description 24 2.2 Wave Propagation 29 2.3 Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers 38 2.
4 Dispersion-Induced Limitations 46 2.5 Fiber Losses 55 2.6 Nonlinear Optical Effects 59 2.7 Fiber Design and Fabrication 67 Problems 74 References 75 3 Optical Transmitters 79 3.1 Semiconductor Laser Physics 79 3.2 Single-Mode Semiconductor Lasers 87 3.3 Laser Characteristics 94 3.4 Optical Signal Generation 104 3.
5 Light-Emitting Diodes 110 3.6 Transmitter Design 115 Problems 121 References 122 4 Optical Receivers 128 4.1 Basic Concepts 128 4.2 Common Photodetectors 131 4.3 Receiver Design 144 4.4 Receiver Noise 148 4.5 Coherent Detection 158 4.6 Receiver Sensitivity 161 4.
7 Sensitivity Degradation 167 4.8 Receiver Performance 173 Problems 175 References 177 5 Lightwave Systems 182 5.1 System Architectures 182 5.2 Design Guidelines 187 5.3 Long-Haul Systems 194 5.4 Sources of Power Penalty 200 5.5 Forward Error Correction 212 5.6 Computer-Aided Design 214 Problems 216 References 218 6 Multichannel Systems 223 6.
1 WDM Lightwave Systems 223 6.2 WDM Components 232 6.3 System Performance Issues 251 6.4 Time-Division Multiplexing 264 6.5 Subcarrier Multiplexing 269 6.6 Code-Division Multiplexing 277 Problems 283 References 285 7 Loss Management 295 7.1 Compensation of Fiber Losses 295 7.2 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 300 7.
3 Raman Amplifiers 310 7.4 Optical Signal-To-Noise Ratio 318 7.5 Electrical Signal-To-Noise Ratio 321 7.6 Receiver Sensitivity and Q Factor 325 7.7 Role of Dispersive and Nonlinear Effects 328 7.8 Periodically Amplified Lightwave Systems 334 Problems 339 References 340 8 Dispersion Management 345 8.1 Dispersion Problem and Its Solution 345 8.2 Dispersion-Compensating Fibers 347 8.
3 Fiber Bragg Gratings 354 8.4 Dispersion-Equalizing Filters 363 8.5 Optical Phase Conjugation 369 8.6 Channels at High Bit Rates 375 8.7 Electronic Dispersion Compensation 385 Problems 397 References 399 9 Control of Nonlinear Effects 407 9.1 Impact of Fiber Nonlinearity 407 9.2 Solitons in Optical Fibers 416 9.3 Dispersion-Managed Solitons 423 9.
4 Pseudo-linear Lightwave Systems 434 9.5 Control of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects 444 Problems 451 References 453 10 Advanced Lightwave Systems 459 10.1 Advanced Modulation Formats 460 10.2 Demodulation Schemes 464 10.3 Shot Noise and Bit-Error Rate 470 10.4 Sensitivity Degradation Mechanisms 476 10.5 Impact of Nonlinear Effects 485 10.6 Recent Progress 494 10.
7 Ultimate Channel Capacity 501 Problems 503 References 504 11 Optical Signal Processing 511 11.1 Nonlinear Techniques and Devices 511 11.2 All-Optical Flip-Flops 529 11.3 Wavelength Converters 533 11.4 Ultrafast Optical Switching 544 11.5 Optical Regenerators 553 Problems 568 References 569 A System of Units 578 B Acronyms 580 C General Formula for Pulse Broadening 584 D Software Package 587 Index 589.