Part I Chapter 1: Introduction to small-format aerial photography 1-1. Overview 1-2. Brief history 1-2.1. 19th century 1-2.2. 20th century 1-3. Photography and imagery 1-4.

Conventional aerial photography 1-5. Small-format aerial photography 1-6. Summary Chapter 2: Basic principles of SFAP 2-1. Remote sensing 2-1.1. Ideal remote sensing 2-1.2. Actual SFAP 2-2.

Common aspects of SFAP 2-2.1. Image vantage 2-2.2. Photographic scale and resolution 2-2.3. Relief displacement 2-2.4.

Stereoscopic images 2-3. Photographic storage 2-4. Summary Chapter 3: Photogrammetry 3-1. Introduction 3-2. Geometry of single photographs 3-2.1. Vertical photography 3-2.2.

Tilted photography 3-2.3. Interior orientation 3-2.4. Exterior orientation 3-3. Geometry of stereophotographs 3-3.1. Principle of stereoscopic viewing 3-3.

2. Base-height ratio and stereoscopic coverage 3-3.3. 3D measurements from stereomodels 3-3.4. Creating stereomodels with aerial triangulation by bundle-block adjustment 3-4. Quantitative analysis of photographs 3-4.1.

Measuring and mapping from single photographs 3-4.2. Manual measuring and mapping from stereomodels 3-4.3. Automatic DEM extraction from stereomodels 3-5. Summary Chapter 4: Lighting and atmospheric conditions 4-1. Introduction 4-2. Multiview-angle effects 4-3.

Bidirectional reflectance distribution function 4-4. Multispectral effects 4-5. Latitude and seasonal conditions 4-6. Clouds 4-7. Shadows 4-8. Summary Chapter 5: Photographic composition 5-1. Introduction 5-2. Basic elements of photographic composition 5-2.

1. Oblique and vertical views 5-2.2. Linear features 5-2.3. Image depth 5-2.4. Pattern and texture 5-2.

5. Color 5-3. Combining compositional elements 5-4. Photographs vs. human vision 5.5. Summary Part II Chapter 6: Cameras for SFAP 6-1. Introduction 6-2.

Film camera basics 6-3. Digital camera basics 6-3.1. Types of digital cameras 6-3.2. Image sensors 6-3.3. Image file formats 6-4.

Camera geometry and light 6-4.1. Focal length 6-4.2. Lens aperture 6-4.3. Shutter speed 6-4.4.

Film speed or ISO rating 6-4.5. Camera exposure settings 6-4.6. Image degradation 6-5. Color-infrared photography 6-6. Camera capabilities for SFAP 6-6.1.

Camera lens 6-6.2. Image sensor 6-6.3. File format 6-6.4. Camera type 6-6.5.

Camera calibration 6-7. Summary Chapter 7: Camera mounting systems 7-1. Introduction 7-2. Camera operation 7-3. Detachable mounts 7-3.1. Single-camera suspended rigs 7-3.2.

Multiple-camera suspended rigs 7-3.3. Attaching suspendable mounts to a platform 7-3.4. Detactable modular unit mounts 7-4. Fixed mounts 7-5. Summary Chapter 8: Platforms for SFAP 8-1. Introduction 8-2.

Manned light-sport aircraft 8-2.1. Powered light-sport aircraft 8-2.2. Unpowered light-sport aircraft 8-3. Lighter-than-air platforms 8-3.1. Lifting gases 8-3.

2. Helium blimp 8-3.3. Hot-air blimp 8-4. Kite aerial photography 8-4.1. Kites for SFAP 8-4.2.

Kite-flying equipment 8-4.3. Ground operations 8-5. Drones for SFAP 8-5.1. Basic model airplane 8-5.2. Autopiloted model airplane 8-5.

3. Powered paraglider 8-6. Pros and cons of different platforms 8-7. Summary Chapter 9: SFAP survey planning and implementation 9-1. Introduction 9-2. Travel and equipment logistics 9-3. Site accessibility and characteristics 9-3.1.

Local site accessibility 9-3.2. Flight obstacles 9-3.3. Local wind conditions 9-3.4. High-altitude SFAP 9-4. Ground Control 9-4.

1. GCP installation 9-4.2. GCP coordinate measurement 9-5. Flight planning considerations 9-5.1. Image scale and resolution 9-5.2.

Stereoscopic and large-area coverage 9-6. Flight planning example 9-6.1. Initial calculations: Complete coverage with single image 9-6.2. Revised calulations: Optimal image resolution 9-6.3. Consequences for aerial survey design 9-6.

4. Ideal flightline calculation 9-7. Flight planning for oblique SFAP 9-8. Legal issues 9-8.1. German regulations 9-8.2. Regulations in the U.

S. and other countries 9-8.3. Insurance 9-9. Summary Chapter 10. Image interpretation 10-1. Introduction 10-2. Image interpretability 10-3.

SFAP interpretation 10-3.1. Water and drainage 10-3.2. Geomorphology 10-3.3. Vegetation and agriculture 10-3.4.

Cultural heritage and archaeology 10-3.5. Soils 10-4. Summary Chapter 11: Image processing and analysis 11-1. Introduction 11-2. Geometric correction and georeferencing 11-2.1. Reference coordinate systems 11-2.

2. Image rectification 11-2.3. Image mosaics 11-3. Image enhancement 11-3.1. Correcting lens-dependent aberrations 11-3.2.

Contrast enhancement 11-3.3. Image filtering 11-4. Image transformation 11-4.1. Image ratios and vegetation indices 11-4.2. Principal components analysis and color-space transformations 11-5.

Image classification 11-6. Stereoviewing and photogrammetric analysis 11-6.1. Creating simple on-screen stereoviews 11-6.2. Using printouts under a stereoscope 11-6.3. Digital stereoviewing 11-6.

4. Stereoscopic measuring and mapping 11-6.5. DEM generation 11-7. Software for SFAP analysis 11-8. Summary Part III Chapter 12: Glacial geomorphology 12-1. Introduction 12-2. Glacial erosion 12-3.

Glacial deposition 12-4. Glacial deformation 12-5. Summary Chapter 13: Gully erosion monitoring 13-1. Introduction 13-2. Study sites and survey 13-3. Gully mapping and change analysis 13-4. Summary Chapter 14: Wetland environments 14-1. Overview 14-2.

Raised bogs, Estonia 14-2.1. Endla Nature Reserve 14-2.2. Nigula Nature Reserve 14-2.3. Discussion 14-3. Prairie marshes and playas, Kansas 14-3.

1. Cheyenne Bottoms 14-3.2. Dry Lake 14-3.3. Discussion 14-4. Summary Chapter 15: Biocontrol of salt cedar 15-1. Salt cedar problem 15-2.

USBR study site 15-3. Analysis of KAP results 15-4. Summary Chapter 16: Vegetation and erosion 16-1. Introduction 16-2. Monitoring vegetation and erosion test sites 16-3. Influence of grazing on vegetation cover 16-4. Combating desertification and soil degradation 16-5. Summary Chapter 17: Soil mapping and soil degradation 17-1.

Introduction 17-2. Soils and long-term human land use 17-3. Summary Chapter 18: Architecture and property management 18-1. Introduction 18-2. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri 18-3. Property management, Lake Kahola, Kansas 18-4. Summary Chapter 19: Golf course management 19-1. Overview 19-2.

Garden City, Kansas 19-3. Summary References Index.