Foreword xix Preface to Second Edition xxi Preface to First Edition xxiii Acknowledgement xxv About the Author xxvii 1 Arc Flash Hazards and Their Analyses 1 1.1 Electrical Arcs 2 1.1.1 Arc as a Heat Source 3 1.1.2 Arcing Phenomena in a Cubicle 3 1.2 Arc Flash Hazard and Personal Safety 4 1.3 Time Motion Studies 5 1.

4 Arc Flash Hazards 5 1.5 Arc Blast 6 1.6 Electrical Shock Hazard 9 1.6.1 Resistance of Human Body 11 1.7 Fire Hazard 13 1.8 Arc Flash Hazard Analysis 15 1.8.

1 Ralph Lee''s and NFPA Equations 17 1.8.2 IEEE 1584 Guide Equations 17 1.9 Personal Protective Equipment 21 1.10 Hazard Boundaries 23 1.10.1 Working Distance 24 1.10.

2 Arc Flash Labels 24 1.11 Maximum Duration of an Arc Flash Event and Arc Flash Boundary 25 1.11.1 Arc Flash Hazard with Equipment Doors Closed 25 1.12 Reasons for Internal Arcing Faults 27 1.13 Arc Flash Hazard Calculation Steps 28 1.13.1 NFPA Table 130.

7(C)(15)(a) 29 1.14 Examples of Calculations 30 1.15 Reducing Arc Flash Hazard 33 1.15.1 Reduction 34 1.15.2 Arc Flash Labels 37 Review Questions 38 References 38 2 Safety and Prevention Through Design: A New Frontier 41 2.1 Electrical Standards and Codes 42 2.

2 Prevention through Design 44 2.3 Limitations of Existing Codes, Regulations, and Standards 45 2.4 Electrical Hazards 46 2.5 Changing the Safety Culture 49 2.6 Risk Analysis for Critical Operation Power Systems 49 2.6.1 Existing Systems 50 2.6.

2 New Facilities 50 2.7 Reliability Analysis 51 2.7.1 Data for Reliability Evaluations 52 2.7.2 Methods of Evaluation 53 2.7.3 Reliability and Safety 53 2.

8 Maintenance and Operation 54 2.8.1 Maintenance Strategies 55 2.8.2 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) 56 2.9 Safety Integrity Level and Safety Instrumented System 56 2.10 Electrical Safety in the Workplaces 58 2.10.

1 Risk Assessment 58 2.10.2 Responsibility 58 2.10.3 Risk Parameters 58 2.11 Risk Reduction 61 2.12 Risk Evaluation 62 2.13 Risk Reduction Verification 63 2.

14 Risk Control 63 Review Questions 64 References 64 3 Calculations According To IEEE Guide 1584, 2018 68 3.1 Model for Incident Energy Calculations 68 3.2 Electrode Configuration 69 3.3 Impact of System Grounding 69 3.4 Intermediate Average Arcing Current 70 3.5 Arcing Current Variation Factor 71 3.6 Calculation of Intermediate Incident Energy 73 3.7 Intermediate Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) 75 3.

8 Enclosure Size Correction Factor 77 3.8.1 Shallow and Typical Enclosures 77 3.9 Determine Equivalent Height and Width 77 3.10 Determine Enclosure Size Correction Factor 77 3.11 Determination of I arc, E , and AFB (600 V 17 137 5.5.3 E/Z Method for AC and DC Decrement Adjustments 137 5.

6 Network Reduction 140 5.7 Calculation Procedure 140 5.7.1 Analytical Calculation Procedure 141 5.8 Capacitor and Static Converter Contributions to Short-Circuit Currents 143 5.9 Typical Computer-Based Calculation Results 143 5.9.1 First-Cycle or Momentary Duty Calculations 143 5.

9.2 Interrupting Duty Calculations 146 5.9.3 Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Duty Calculations 146 5.10 Examples of Calculations 146 5.10.1 Calculation of Short-Circuit Duties 152 5.10.

2 K -Rated 15 kV Circuit Breakers 152 5.10.3 4.16-kV Circuit Breakers and Motor Starters 157 5.10.4 Transformer Primary Switches and Fused Switches 157 5.10.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers 161 5.

11 Thirty-Cycle Short-Circuit Currents 161 5.12 Unsymmetrical Short-Circuit Currents 162 5.12.1 Single Line-to-Ground Fault 163 5.12.2 Double Line-to-Ground Fault 165 5.12.3 Line-to-Line Fault 168 5.

13 Computer Methods 171 5.13.1 Line-to-Ground Fault 172 5.13.2 Line-to-Line Fault 173 5.13.3 Double Line-to-Ground Fault 173 5.14 Short-Circuit Currents for Arc Flash Calculations 175 Review Questions 176 References 176 6 Accounting For Decaying Short-Circuit Currents In Arc Flash Calculations 178 6.

1 Short Circuit of a Passive Element 178 6.2 Systems with No AC Decay 181 6.3 Reactances of a Synchronous Machine 182 6.3.1 Leakage Reactance 182 6.3.2 Subtransient Reactance 183 6.3.

3 Transient Reactance 183 6.3.4 Synchronous Reactance 183 6.3.5 Quadrature-Axis Reactances 183 6.3.6 Negative Sequence Reactance 184 6.3.

7 Zero Sequence Reactance 184 6.4 Saturation of Reactances 184 6.5 Time Constants of Synchronous Machines 184 6.5.1 Open-Circuit Time Constant 184 6.5.2 Subtransient Short-Circuit Time Constant 184 6.5.

3 Transient Short-Circuit Time Constant 185 6.5.4 Armature Time Constant 185 6.6 Synchronous Machine Behavior on Terminal Short Circuit 185 6.6.1 Equivalent Circuits during Fault 186 6.6.2 Fault Decrement Curve 190 6.

7 Short Circuit of Synchronous Motors and Condensers 194 6.8 Short Circuit of Induction Motors 194 6.9 A New Algorithm for Arc Flash Calculations with Decaying Short-Circuit Currents 197 6.9.1 Available Computer-Based Calculations 198 6.9.2 Accumulation of Energy from Multiple Sources 198 6.9.

3 Comparative Calculations 200 6.10 Crowbar Methods 203 Review Questions 204 References 205 7 Protective Relaying 206 7.1 Protection and Coordination from Arc Flash Considerations 206 7.2 Classification of Relay Types 210 7.3 Design Criteria of Protective Systems 210 7.3.1 Selectivity 211 7.3.

2 Speed 211 7.3.3 Reliability 211 7.3.4 Backup Protection 212 7.4 Overcurrent Protection 212 7.4.1 Overcurrent Relays 213 7.

4.2 Multifunction Overcurrent Relays 215 7.4.3 IEC Curves 217 7.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers 219 7.5.1 Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) 219 7.5.

2 Current-Limiting MCCBs 225 7.5.3 Insulated Case Circuit Breakers (ICCBs) 227 7.5.4 Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers (LVPCBs) 228 7.5.5 Short-Time Bands of LVPCBs Trip Programmers 230 7.6 Short-Circuit Ratings of Low Voltage Circuit Breakers 231 7.

6.1 Single-Pole Interrupting Capability 235 7.6.2 Short-Time Ratings 235 7.7 Series-Connected Ratings 236 7.8 Fuses 237 7.8.1 Current-Limiting Fuses 238 7.

8.2 Low Voltage Fuses 240 7.8.3 High Voltage Fuses 240 7.8.4 Electronic Fuses 241 7.8.5 Interrupting Ratings 242 7.

9 Application of Fuses for Arc Flash Reduction 243 7.9.1 Low Voltage Motor Starters 243 7.9.2 Medium Voltage Motor Starters 243 7.9.3 Low Voltage Switchgear 244 7.10 Conductor Protection 247 7.

10.1 Load Current Carrying Capabilities of Conductors 248 7.10.2 Conductor Terminations 249 7.10.3 Considerations of Voltage Drops 249 7.10.4 Short-Circuit Considerations 249 7.

10.5 Overcurrent Protection of Conductors 251 7.11 Motor Protection 252 7.11.1 Coordination with Motor Thermal Damage Curve 253 7.12 Generator 51-V Protection 261 7.12.1 Arc Flash Considerations 262 Review Questions 26.