Preface xv Acknowledgments xxiii About the Author xxvii Chapter 1: The Performance Evolution of Java: The Language and the Virtual Machine 1 A New Ecosystem Is Born 2 A Few Pages from History 2 Understanding Java HotSpot VM and Its Compilation Strategies 3 HotSpot Garbage Collector: Memory Management Unit 13 The Evolution of the Java Programming Language and Its Ecosystem: A Closer Look 18 Embracing Evolution for Enhanced Performance 42 Chapter 2: Performance Implications of Java''s Type System Evolution 43 Java''s Primitive Types and Literals Prior to J2SE 5.0 44 Java''s Reference Types Prior to J2SE 5.0 45 Java''s Type System Evolution from J2SE 5.0 until Java SE 8 49 Java''s Type System Evolution: Java 9 and Java 10 52 Java''s Type System Evolution: Java 11 to Java 17 55 Beyond Java 17: Project Valhalla 58 Conclusion 68 Chapter 3: From Monolithic to Modular Java: A Retrospective and Ongoing Evolution 69 Introduction 69 Understanding the Java Platform Module System 70 From Monolithic to Modular: The Evolution of the JDK 78 Continuing the Evolution: Modular JDK in JDK 11 and Beyond 78 Implementing Modular Services with JDK 17 78 JAR Hell Versioning Problem and Jigsaw Layers 83 Open Services Gateway Initiative 91 Introduction to Jdeps, Jlink, Jdeprscan, and Jmod 93 Conclusion 96 Chapter 4: The Unified Java Virtual Machine Logging Interface 99 The Need for Unified Logging 99 Unification and Infrastructure 100 Tags in the Unified Logging System 101 Diving into Levels, Outputs, and Decorators 103 Practical Examples of Using the Unified Logging System 107 Optimizing and Managing the Unified Logging System 109 Asynchronous Logging and the Unified Logging System 110 Understanding the Enhancements in JDK 11 and JDK 17 113 Conclusion 113 Chapter 5: End-to-End Java Performance Optimization: Engineering Techniques and Micro-benchmarking with JMH 115 Introduction 115 Performance Engineering: A Central Pillar of Software Engineering 116 Metrics for Measuring Java Performance 118 The Role of Hardware in Performance 128 Performance Engineering Methodology: A Dynamic and Detailed Approach 145 The Importance of Performance Benchmarking 158 Conclusion 175 Chapter 6: Advanced Memory Management and Garbage Collection in OpenJDK 177 Introduction 177 Overview of Garbage Collection in Java 178 Thread-Local Allocation Buffers and Promotion-Local Allocation Buffers 179 Optimizing Memory Access with NUMA-Aware Garbage Collection 181 Exploring Garbage Collection Improvements 183 Future Trends in Garbage Collection 210 Practical Tips for Evaluating GC Performance 212 Evaluating GC Performance in Various Workloads 214 Live Data Set Pressure 216 Chapter 7: Runtime Performance Optimizations: A Focus on Strings, Locks, and Beyond 219 Introduction 219 String Optimizations 220 Enhanced Multithreading Performance: Java Thread Synchronization 236 Transitioning from the Thread-per-Task Model to More Scalable Models 259 Conclusion 270 Chapter 8: Accelerating Time to Steady State with OpenJDK HotSpot VM 273 Introduction 273 JVM Start-up and Warm-up Optimization Techniques 274 Decoding Time to Steady State in Java Applications 274 Managing State at Start-up and Ramp-up 278 GraalVM: Revolutionizing Java''s Time to Steady State 290 Emerging Technologies: CRIU and Project CRaC for Checkpoint/Restore Functionality 292 Start-up and Ramp-up Optimization in Serverless and Other Environments 295 Boosting Warm-up Performance with OpenJDK HotSpot VM 300 Conclusion 306 Chapter 9: Harnessing Exotic Hardware: The Future of JVM Performance Engineering 307 Introduction to Exotic Hardware and the JVM 307 Exotic Hardware in the Cloud 309 The Role of Language Design and Toolchains 312 Case Studies 313 Envisioning the Future of JVM and Project Panama 333 Concluding Thoughts: The Future of JVM Performance Engineering 336 Index 337.