This is a milestone book on number theory, in which the author exposes the reader to the importance of number theory, the historical debates and controversies surrounding it, its diverse aspects and so on; then selectively picks up the dialectic relationship between simpleness and complicatedness; and goes on to synthesize an entirely new body of knowledge - the Transmutative Theory of Numbers (TTTN). This brand new TTTN comprises forty-four major theses, encompassing the broad relationship of method, structure, process, agency and outcome. The author has dissected the dialectic contexts of simpleness and complicatedness from the perspectives of the mind, nature, society and culture, which pave the way for further enquiry and the need to transcend them, finally leading to the eventual postulation of the TTTN theses. With its approach, focus and subject matter, this book will appeal to those who have interest in areas as diverse as history, logic, pure mathematics, applied mathematics, mathematical logic, algebra, geometry, analysis, computer science, analytic number theory, physics, engineering, natural science, philosophy of mathematics, mathematical cognition, algebraic number theory, probabilistic number theory, arithmetic combinatorics, and ethnomathematics.